Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study subjects of KNHANES 2008–2011 (Study cohort I)
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | no Exercise | Walking-only | Moderate PA | Vigorous PA | Total | no Exercise | Walking-only | Moderate PA | Vigorous PA | |||
| (n = 1,951) | (n = 184) | (n = 866) | (n = 426) | (n = 475) | P | (n = 2,470) | (n = 420) | (n = 1,075) | (n = 567) | (n = 408) | P | |
| Age, years | 68.19 ± 0.167 | 69.18 ± 0.559 | 68.85 ± 0.236 | 68.38 ± 0.339 | 66.49 ± 0.307 | < 0.001 | 69.73 ± 0.174 | 72.59 ± 0.382 | 69.7 ± 0.241 | 69.24 ± 0.329 | 67.45 ± 0.382 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | a | b | a | b | b | c | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.44 ± 0.094 | 23.02 ± 0.233 | 23.29 ± 0.124 | 23.42 ± 0.198 | 23.91 ± 0.179 | 0.012 | 24.16 ± 0.083 | 24.12 ± 0.203 | 24.14 ± 0.13 | 24.24 ± 0.157 | 24.15 ± 0.182 | 0.958 |
| a | a | ab | b | |||||||||
| ASM, kg | 20.07 ± 0.09 | 19.08 ± 0.217 | 19.85 ± 0.124 | 20.06 ± 0.161 | 20.83 ± 0.161 | < 0.001 | 13.66 ± 0.052 | 13.27 ± 0.103 | 13.55 ± 0.077 | 13.91 ± 0.092 | 14.06 ± 0.11 | < 0.001 |
| a | b | b | c | a | a | b | b | |||||
| age adjusted | 19.15 ± 0.198 | 19.87 ± 0.118 | 20 ± 0.158 | 20.49 ± 0.161 | < 0.001 | 13.59 ± 0.103 | 13.58 ± 0.072 | 13.9 ± 0.091 | 13.87 ± 0.106 | 0.014 | ||
| age and BMI adjusted | 19.32 ± 0.158 | 19.91 ± 0.106 | 20 ± 0.127 | 20.31 ± 0.12 | < 0.001 | 13.53 ± 0.09 | 13.58 ± 0.061 | 13.88 ± 0.085 | 13.9 ± 0.1 | 0.001 | ||
| SMI, kg/m2 | 7.29 ± 0.028 | 7.06 ± 0.067 | 7.21 ± 0.035 | 7.33 ± 0.05 | 7.5 ± 0.047 | < 0.001 | 5.93 ± 0.018 | 5.86 ± 0.038 | 5.89 ± 0.026 | 6 ± 0.033 | 6.01 ± 0.037 | 0.001 |
| a | ab | b | c | a | a | b | b | |||||
| age adjusted | 7.08 ± 0.063 | 7.21 ± 0.034 | 7.32 ± 0.048 | 7.41 ± 0.047 | < 0.001 | 5.91 ± 0.039 | 5.89 ± 0.025 | 5.99 ± 0.033 | 5.98 ± 0.038 | 0.036 | ||
| age and BMI adjusted | 7.14 ± 0.047 | 7.23 ± 0.026 | 7.32 ± 0.035 | 7.35 ± 0.035 | < 0.001 | 5.88 ± 0.034 | 5.89 ± 0.019 | 5.98 ± 0.03 | 6 ± 0.034 | 0.002 | ||
| Sarcopenia, % | 36.5 (1.44) | 48.9 (4.53) | 40.3 (1.97) | 34.1 (2.95) | 27.2 (2.58) | < 0.001 | 20.8 (1.11) | 23.4 (2.62) | 23.8 (1.63) | 16.1 (2.12) | 15.3 (2.15) | 0.002 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | 0.036 | 0.090 | ||||||||||
| None | 26.3 (1.24) | 33 (4.2) | 28.8 (1.83) | 26.1 (2.75) | 19.5 (2.11) | 61.2 (1.23) | 64.4 (2.91) | 59.9 (1.84) | 65.3 (2.41) | 56.2 (2.98) | ||
| Moderate | 34.8 (1.5) | 30.1 (4.76) | 34 (2.06) | 33.5 (2.98) | 38.8 (2.62) | 33.9 (1.18) | 31 (2.84) | 35.9 (1.76) | 29.7 (2.26) | 36.6 (2.76) | ||
| Heavy | 38.9 (1.45) | 36.9 (4.05) | 37.1 (1.96) | 40.4 (3.14) | 41.7 (2.65) | 4.9 (0.48) | 4.6 (1.27) | 4.2 (0.75) | 5 (1.02) | 7.2 (1.31) | ||
| Smoking status, % | 0.248 | 0.163 | ||||||||||
| Never | 15.1 (0.96) | 12.2 (2.53) | 13.8 (1.33) | 16.6 (2.04) | 17.3 (2.04) | 89.7 (0.78) | 86.5 (2.18) | 89.2 (1.24) | 92 (1.42) | 91.9 (1.75) | ||
| Ex- | 56.2 (1.38) | 53.6 (4.33) | 56.4 (2.14) | 54.2 (2.87) | 58.3 (2.68) | 5.5 (0.64) | 6.6 (1.73) | 6.6 (1.06) | 3.8 (1.08) | 3.6 (1.1) | ||
| Current | 28.7 (1.28) | 34.3 (4.19) | 29.7 (2.07) | 29.2 (2.62) | 24.4 (2.37) | 4.7 (0.54) | 7 (1.59) | 4.2 (0.76) | 4.3 (0.99) | 4.5 (1.4) | ||
| Monthly household income, % | < 0.001 | 0.053 | ||||||||||
| Lowest | 35.7 (1.42) | 42.3 (4.31) | 41.2 (2.12) | 33.3 (2.78) | 25.5 (2.26) | 47.2 (1.4) | 54.6 (2.98) | 46.7 (2.04) | 46.6 (2.66) | 41.8 (2.93) | ||
| Medium-lowest | 28.6 (1.24) | 27.3 (3.89) | 28.2 (1.92) | 29.1 (2.68) | 29.3 (2.34) | 25.1 (1.07) | 23.2 (2.47) | 23.7 (1.52) | 28.1 (2.45) | 27.2 (2.73) | ||
| Medium-highest | 19.7 (1.03) | 22.6 (3.76) | 17.2 (1.44) | 21.4 (2.53) | 21.7 (2.17) | 16 (0.98) | 13.9 (2.13) | 17.6 (1.49) | 15 (1.98) | 15.3 (2.18) | ||
| Highest | 16 (1.14) | 7.8 (2.35) | 13.4 (1.47) | 16.2 (2.05) | 23.5 (2.59) | 11.7 (0.89) | 8.3 (1.59) | 12.1 (1.33) | 10.3 (1.57) | 15.7 (2.34) | ||
| Education level, % | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| ≤ Elementary school | 43.4 (1.68) | 63.3 (4.52) | 42.8 (2.2) | 48.8 (3.09) | 33 (3.07) | 80.7 (1.09) | 89.7 (1.88) | 81.1 (1.47) | 82.9 (1.97) | 67.1 (3.08) | ||
| Middle school | 21.3 (1.28) | 19.1 (3.77) | 23.9 (1.69) | 19.7 (2.84) | 18.7 (2.11) | 8.9 (0.69) | 6.2 (1.35) | 8.5 (0.99) | 8.7 (1.47) | 13.4 (2.16) | ||
| High school | 22.5 (1.14) | 13.4 (2.8) | 22.1 (1.78) | 18 (2.18) | 30.3 (2.65) | 7.9 (0.72) | 3.7 (1.03) | 7.6 (0.92) | 6.2 (1.16) | 15.7 (2.74) | ||
| ≥ College | 12.7 (1.16) | 4.3 (2.07) | 11.2 (1.38) | 13.5 (2.03) | 18 (2.8) | 2.4 (0.42) | 0.3 (0.24) | 2.7 (0.63) | 2.2 (0.73) | 3.9 (1.11) | ||
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2012.86 ± 21.097 | 1910.97 ± 67.628 | 1958.17 ± 29.755 | 2049.95 ± 39.798 | 2117.9 ± 39.757 | 0.002 | 1451.24 ± 13.886 | 1418.44 ± 30.895 | 1419.05 ± 20.332 | 1494.17 ± 27.948 | 1524.31 ± 26.831 | 0.004 |
| a | a | ab | b | a | a | ab | b | |||||
| age adjusted | 1927.53 ± 63.721 | 1962.41 ± 28.82 | 2038.84 ± 36.744 | 2047.26 ± 38.99 | 0.086 | 1478.5 ± 30.702 | 1425.18 ± 19.26 | 1491.67 ± 27.285 | 1488.5 ± 28.532 | 0.081 | ||
| Total protein intake, g/d | 68.24 ± 0.976 | 61.57 ± 2.874 | 65.64 ± 1.379 | 69.28 ± 1.849 | 74.48 ± 1.862 | < 0.001 | 46.58 ± 0.602 | 43.46 ± 1.162 | 45.55 ± 0.853 | 48.1 ± 1.257 | 50.9 ± 1.439 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | ab | b | a | ab | bc | c | |||||
| age adjusted | 62.26 ± 2.632 | 65.82 ± 1.365 | 68.82 ± 1.742 | 71.55 ± 1.812 | 0.008 | 46.13 ± 1.147 | 45.82 ± 0.831 | 47.99 ± 1.206 | 49.31 ± 1.497 | 0.110 | ||
| Total fat intake, g/d | 31.08 ± 0.721 | 28.28 ± 2.325 | 29.63 ± 1.015 | 30.38 ± 1.278 | 35.23 ± 1.826 | 0.041 | 18.79 ± 0.41 | 16.71 ± 0.673 | 18.48 ± 0.612 | 19.29 ± 0.776 | 21.24 ± 0.934 | 0.001 |
| ab | a | ab | b | a | ab | ab | b | |||||
| age adjusted | 28.72 ± 2.201 | 29.75 ± 1.011 | 30.08 ± 1.225 | 33.35 ± 1.744 | 0.282 | 18.37 ± 0.678 | 18.65 ± 0.607 | 19.22 ± 0.743 | 20.25 ± 0.986 | 0.461 | ||
| Hypertension, % | 40.7 (1.34) | 28.9 (3.93) | 42.5 (2.02) | 42.8 (3.42) | 40.3 (2.64) | 0.046 | 50 (1.31) | 54.8 (2.8) | 49.7 (2.05) | 49.4 (2.88) | 46.4 (3.01) | 0.276 |
| Diabetes, % | 16.5 (1) | 21.2 (3.9) | 16.1 (1.42) | 15.9 (2.18) | 15.9 (2.14) | 0.553 | 16 (0.96) | 18.7 (2.55) | 16 (1.45) | 14.3 (1.91) | 15.1 (2.26) | 0.552 |
| Arthritis, % | 12.8 (0.88) | 14.9 (3.12) | 12 (1.29) | 13.1 (2.23) | 13.3 (1.81) | 0.829 | 41.6 (1.19) | 40.6 (3.13) | 41.6 (1.84) | 41.4 (2.76) | 42.9 (2.66) | 0.955 |
| Exercise frequency, times/wk | ||||||||||||
| Walking activity | 4.53 ± 0.075 | 0 | 5.32 ± 0.084 | 4.63 ± 0.179 | 4.75 ± 0.142 | < 0.001 | 4.05 ± 0.08 | 0 | 4.89 ± 0.096 | 4.87 ± 0.126 | 4.8 ± 0.148 | 0.873 |
| a | b | b | ||||||||||
| Moderate activity | 1.41 ± 0.071 | 0 | 0 | 4.12 ± 0.139 | 2.3 ± 0.148 | < 0.001 | 1.27 ± 0.06 | 0 | 0 | 4.01 ± 0.11 | 2.78 ± 0.163 | < 0.001 |
| Vigorous activity | 0.91 ± 0.055 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.57 ± 0.129 | 0.58 ± 0.044 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.65 ± 0.131 | ||
| Exercise duration, min/wk | ||||||||||||
| Walking activity | 430.6 ± 17.5 | 0 | 508.7 ± 27.3 | 393.66 ± 30.7 | 481.7 ± 28.2 | 0.014 | 275.03 ± 10.6 | 0 | 324.8 ± 15.8 | 308.3 ± 20.3 | 375.9 ± 26.9 | 0.103 |
| a | b | a | a | b | a | |||||||
| Moderate activity | 190 ± 15.3 | 0 | 0 | 581.2 ± 43.4 | 290.3 ± 30.9 | < 0.001 | 154.21 ± 11.0 | 0 | 0 | 460.5 ± 33.3 | 371.5 ± 35.0 | 0.060 |
| Vigorous activity | 124.3 ± 10.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 489.72 ± 33.4 | 93.11 ± 9.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 587.1 ± 46.4 | ||
Data with the same lowercase letters indicate non-specific differences between groups, while those with different letters are statistically different, based on post hoc test
Data are expressed as the mean ± SE or the percentage (SE)