Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study subjects of KNHANES 2014–2018 (Study cohort II)
| Men | Women | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | no Exercise | Walking-only | Moderate PA | Vigorous PA | Total | no Exercise | Walking-only | Moderate | Vigorous | |||
| (n = 3,109) | (n = 595) | (n = 1,684) | (n = 603) | (n = 227) | P | (n = 3,632) | (n = 823) | (n = 2,243) | (n = 469) | (n = 97) | P | |
| Age, years | 69.49 ± 0.129 | 70.21 ± 0.303 | 70.14 ± 0.182 | 68.43 ± 0.236 | 66.21 ± 0.448 | < 0.001 | 69.35 ± 0.13 | 72.63 ± 0.292 | 68.96 ± 0.161 | 67.02 ± 0.288 | 64.52 ± 0.518 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | b | c | a | b | c | d | |||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.87 ± 0.057 | 23.68 ± 0.137 | 23.84 ± 0.081 | 23.97 ± 0.127 | 24.22 ± 0.2 | 0.148 | 24.42 ± 0.063 | 24.72 ± 0.156 | 24.42 ± 0.076 | 24.17 ± 0.161 | 23.39 ± 0.312 | 0.001 |
| a | a | ab | b | |||||||||
| Hand grip strength, right hand, kg | 32.8 ± 0.158 | 31.48 ± 0.36 | 32.17 ± 0.198 | 34.2 ± 0.332 | 36.36 ± 0.467 | < 0.001 | 19.59 ± 0.111 | 17.53 ± 0.236 | 19.84 ± 0.129 | 21.12 ± 0.234 | 22.08 ± 0.443 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | b | c | a | b | c | c | |||||
| age adjusted | 31.8 ± 0.312 | 32.45 ± 0.174 | 33.57 ± 0.306 | 34.52 ± 0.401 | < 0.001 | 18.5 ± 0.211 | 19.6 ± 0.118 | 20.25 ± 0.217 | 20.38 ± 0.419 | < 0.001 | ||
| age and BMI adjusted | 31.92 ± 0.303 | 32.46 ± 0.169 | 33.56 ± 0.303 | 34.48 ± 0.401 | < 0.001 | 18.53 ± 0.204 | 19.63 ± 0.118 | 20.31 ± 0.219 | 20.56 ± 0.429 | < 0.001 | ||
| Hand grip strength, left hand, kg | 31.84 ± 0.152 | 30.78 ± 0.36 | 31.19 ± 0.189 | 33.12 ± 0.318 | 35.32 ± 0.463 | < 0.001 | 18.69 ± 0.108 | 16.97 ± 0.225 | 18.89 ± 0.126 | 20.05 ± 0.211 | 20.83 ± 0.434 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | b | c | a | b | c | c | |||||
| age adjusted | 31.07 ± 0.323 | 31.44 ± 0.168 | 32.54 ± 0.29 | 33.67 ± 0.446 | < 0.001 | 17.88 ± 0.202 | 18.67 ± 0.115 | 19.23 ± 0.198 | 19.23 ± 0.423 | < 0.001 | ||
| age and BMI adjusted | 31.21 ± 0.313 | 31.45 ± 0.163 | 32.54 ± 0.284 | 33.64 ± 0.446 | < 0.001 | 17.92 ± 0.195 | 18.69 ± 0.115 | 19.28 ± 0.2 | 19.36 ± 0.428 | < 0.001 | ||
| Hand grip strength, Dominant hand, kg | 33.69 ± 0.153 | 32.5 ± 0.356 | 33.03 ± 0.189 | 35 ± 0.32 | 37.39 ± 0.468 | < 0.001 | 20.12 ± 0.11 | 18.13 ± 0.23 | 20.36 ± 0.128 | 21.62 ± 0.218 | 22.52 ± 0.425 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | b | c | a | b | c | c | |||||
| age adjusted | 32.81 ± 0.31 | 33.3 ± 0.165 | 34.39 ± 0.293 | 35.62 ± 0.428 | < 0.001 | 19.1 ± 0.205 | 20.13 ± 0.116 | 20.75 ± 0.201 | 20.82 ± 0.407 | < 0.001 | ||
| age and BMI adjusted | 32.94 ± 0.299 | 33.3 ± 0.161 | 34.39 ± 0.288 | 35.58 ± 0.428 | < 0.001 | 19.13 ± 0.198 | 20.15 ± 0.116 | 20.81 ± 0.203 | 20.99 ± 0.414 | < 0.001 | ||
| Sarcopenia, % | 19 (0.83) | 24.6 (2.07) | 21.2 (1.19) | 13.5 (1.59) | 5.2 (1.58) | < 0.001 | 31.6 (1.02) | 50.5 (2.13) | 28.6 (1.2) | 20.1 (2.09) | 13.5 (4.06) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| None | 26.5 (0.97) | 31.4 (2.31) | 28 (1.3) | 20.2 (1.81) | 21.5 (3.17) | 55.8 (1.07) | 64.1 (2.16) | 54.5 (1.37) | 50.6 (2.43) | 48.5 (5.83) | ||
| Moderate | 37.5 (1.1) | 30.6 (2.28) | 35.7 (1.41) | 44.5 (2.23) | 46.3 (3.7) | 38.5 (1.03) | 29.8 (2.04) | 39.8 (1.32) | 45.2 (2.42) | 42.2 (5.7) | ||
| Heavy | 36 (1.02) | 37.9 (2.39) | 36.3 (1.36) | 35.2 (2.2) | 32.2 (3.5) | 5.7 (0.43) | 6.1 (1.05) | 5.7 (0.53) | 4.1 (1.05) | 9.3 (3.03) | ||
| Smoking status, % | < 0.001 | 0.003 | ||||||||||
| Never | 19.4 (0.83) | 17.7 (1.85) | 20.7 (1.16) | 17.2 (1.87) | 20 (2.84) | 94.7 (0.5) | 92.8 (1.18) | 94.7 (0.61) | 96.6 (0.86) | 99 (1.01) | ||
| Ex- | 61.3 (1.02) | 55.9 (2.3) | 59.7 (1.45) | 69 (2.24) | 65.3 (3.7) | 3.5 (0.36) | 3.5 (0.79) | 3.7 (0.48) | 2.8 (0.8) | 0 (0) | ||
| Current | 19.3 (0.83) | 26.4 (2.21) | 19.7 (1.17) | 13.8 (1.65) | 14.7 (2.95) | 1.9 (0.35) | 3.7 (0.91) | 1.6 (0.38) | 0.6 (0.32) | 1 (1.01) | ||
| Monthly household income, % | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| Lowest | 30.4 (1.02) | 39.2 (2.48) | 33.1 (1.4) | 22.2 (1.95) | 14.2 (2.66) | 39.8 (1.14) | 55.5 (2.24) | 38.1 (1.36) | 27.6 (2.31) | 16 (3.71) | ||
| Medium-lowest | 29.7 (0.91) | 33.1 (2.19) | 29.9 (1.34) | 28.3 (1.95) | 24.9 (3.13) | 26.3 (0.84) | 22.9 (1.7) | 27.6 (1.06) | 25.6 (2.32) | 28.3 (5.08) | ||
| Medium-highest | 21.3 (0.83) | 17.2 (1.74) | 20.4 (1.17) | 25 (2.03) | 26.5 (3.41) | 18.9 (0.83) | 12.7 (1.44) | 19.3 (1.03) | 25.3 (2.52) | 27.7 (5.4) | ||
| Highest | 18.6 (0.91) | 10.5 (1.89) | 16.6 (1.08) | 24.5 (2.08) | 34.5 (3.82) | 14.9 (0.88) | 8.9 (1.22) | 15 (1.11) | 21.5 (2.45) | 28.1 (5.04) | ||
| Education level, % | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||
| ≤ Elementary school | 34.8 (1.1) | 51.4 (2.36) | 36.7 (1.45) | 22.7 (2.04) | 16 (2.76) | 60.5 (1.1) | 80 (1.85) | 58.7 (1.3) | 42.7 (2.7) | 38.7 (5.65) | ||
| Middle school | 17.3 (0.81) | 18.9 (1.95) | 17.9 (1.1) | 15.1 (1.63) | 15.1 (2.74) | 15.4 (0.74) | 8.3 (1.11) | 16.5 (0.91) | 20.2 (2.08) | 17.9 (5.31) | ||
| High school | 27.1 (0.93) | 20.7 (1.89) | 26.4 (1.24) | 30.9 (2.21) | 36 (3.56) | 16.2 (0.84) | 8.8 (1.39) | 17.4 (1.04) | 20.2 (2.22) | 26.7 (5.37) | ||
| ≥ College | 20.8 (1.01) | 8.9 (1.37) | 19 (1.24) | 31.3 (2.28) | 32.9 (3.75) | 7.9 (0.61) | 2.9 (0.8) | 7.4 (0.69) | 16.9 (2.33) | 16.7 (4.15) | ||
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2044.97 ± 17.355 | 1953.63 ± 39.179 | 1987.96 ± 22.029 | 2192.93 ± 37.591 | 2255.67 ± 67.919 | < 0.001 | 1555.62 ± 13.166 | 1421.15 ± 25.589 | 1557.81 ± 16.407 | 1690.6 ± 34.464 | 1888.54 ± 86.786 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | b | b | a | b | c | c | |||||
| age adjusted | 1970.12 ± 39.446 | 2002.58 ± 21.396 | 2160.5 ± 36.994 | 2162.03 ± 71.302 | < 0.001 | 1481.37 ± 26.143 | 1543.29 ± 16.058 | 1636.41 ± 34.057 | 1783.29 ± 84.939 | < 0.001 | ||
| Total protein intake, g/d | 69.38 ± 0.723 | 63.4 ± 1.496 | 66.69 ± 0.924 | 77.33 ± 1.635 | 80.5 ± 2.869 | < 0.001 | 51.51 ± 0.546 | 43.94 ± 1.017 | 51.86 ± 0.668 | 58.98 ± 1.502 | 65.4 ± 3.118 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | b | b | a | b | c | c | |||||
| age adjusted | 64.09 ± 1.496 | 67.31 ± 0.912 | 75.97 ± 1.619 | 76.57 ± 2.998 | < 0.001 | 46.89 ± 1.038 | 51.15 ± 0.633 | 56.32 ± 1.441 | 60.23 ± 3.081 | < 0.001 | ||
| Total fat intake, g/d | 34.38 ± 0.561 | 30.26 ± 1.046 | 32.41 ± 0.706 | 39.78 ± 1.358 | 43 ± 2.603 | < 0.001 | 25.89 ± 0.405 | 20.75 ± 0.779 | 25.82 ± 0.479 | 32.03 ± 1.153 | 37.3 ± 2.552 | < 0.001 |
| a | a | b | b | a | b | c | c | |||||
| age adjusted | 30.72 ± 1.061 | 32.81 ± 0.7 | 38.89 ± 1.35 | 40.4 ± 2.668 | < 0.001 | 22.86 ± 0.806 | 25.31 ± 0.457 | 30.13 ± 1.113 | 33.61 ± 2.557 | < 0.001 | ||
| Hypertension, % | 48.5 (1.04) | 51.5 (2.34) | 49.6 (1.38) | 45.6 (2.33) | 42.7 (3.86) | 0.107 | 49.1 (0.99) | 57.2 (2.04) | 48.9 (1.25) | 39.7 (2.56) | 35.1 (5.64) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 20.2 (0.84) | 22.8 (1.97) | 19.8 (1.1) | 20.8 (1.96) | 16.3 (2.62) | 0.274 | 16.8 (0.74) | 20.2 (1.73) | 17.1 (0.93) | 11.2 (1.53) | 10.3 (3.15) | 0.001 |
| Arthritis, % | 11.8 (0.66) | 12.6 (1.53) | 11.9 (0.96) | 11.1 (1.34) | 11.3 (2.71) | 0.914 | 39.7 (0.97) | 43 (2.11) | 38.7 (1.26) | 40.9 (2.59) | 33.5 (5.32) | 0.192 |
| Exercise frequency, times/wk | ||||||||||||
| Walking activity | 3.94 ± 0.062 | 0 | 4.96 ± 0.06 | 4.44 ± 0.116 | 4.55 ± 0.182 | < 0.001 | 3.71 ± 0.06 | 0 | 4.76 ± 0.056 | 4.29 ± 0.119 | 4.78 ± 0.302 | 0.002 |
| a | b | ab | a | b | ab | |||||||
| Moderate activity | 1.05 ± 0.043 | 0 | 0 | 4.16 ± 0.097 | 2.61 ± 0.187 | < 0.001 | 0.57 ± 0.029 | 0 | 0 | 3.84 ± 0.097 | 2.38 ± 0.287 | < 0.001 |
| Vigorous activity | 0.31 ± 0.026 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.72 ± 0.135 | 0.09 ± 0.011 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.58 ± 0.191 | ||
| Exercise duration, min/wk | ||||||||||||
| Walking activity | 302.4 ± 9.4 | 0 | 377.3 ± 13.5 | 337.7 ± 16.8 | 378.57 ± 33.9 | 0.163 | 246.6 ± 7.8 | 0 | 315.9 ± 10.7 | 283.7 ± 18.6 | 332.9 ± 43.9 | 0.290 |
| Moderate activity | 78.5 ± 4.6 | 0 | 0 | 314.9 ± 17.3 | 189.2 ± 19.5 | < 0.001 | 34.2 ± 2.8 | 0 | 0 | 228.7 ± 16.7 | 157.7 ± 30.2 | 0.043 |
| Vigorous activity | 22.81 ± 2.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 275.9 ± 25.7 | 4.71 ± 0.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 179.84 ± 19.99 | ||
Data with the same lowercase letters indicate non-specific differences between groups, while those with different letters are statistically different, based on post hoc test
Data are expressed as the mean ± SE or the percentage (SE)