Table 2.

Crude and Adjusted Changes and 95% CIs in Untreated and Treated Dental Caries Prevalence and Severity by Poverty Status among Children Aged 2 to 5 y: NHANES, 1999 to 2004 and 2011 to 2014.

		Adjusted Changes (95% CI)
Variable: Poverty Statusa	Crude Change (95% CI)	Sociodemographic Modelb	Dental Utilization Modelc
	Prevalence, %
Untreated caries
Low income	−12.6 (−17.6, −7.6)d,e	−10.2 (−14.6, −5.7)d	−10.0 (−14.2, −5.7)d
Higher income	−6.9 (−10.0, −3.8)d	−7.8 (−11.7, −3.9)d	−7.7 (−11.6, −3.7)d
Treated caries
Low income	5.6 (1.6, 9.7)d	5.6 (1.8, 9.3)d	0.7 (−3.1, 4.5)
Higher income	3.8 (−1.1, 8.8)	5.4 (−0.5, 11.4)	3.3 (−2.1, 8.7)
	Severity among children with ≥1 decayed or filled teeth
Decayed teeth
Low income	−1.7 (−2.3 to −1.2)d,e	−1.7 (−2.2 to −1.1)d,e	−1.5 (−2.1 to −0.9)d,e
Higher income	−0.6 (−1.2 to 0.1)	−0.7 (−1.4 to 0.1)	−0.5 (−1.3 to 0.2)
Filled teeth
Low income	1.2 (0.6 to 1.9)d	1.3 (0.6 to 1.9)d	0.5 (−0.1 to 1.2)
Higher income	2.0 (0.7 to 3.3)d	2.1 (0.8 to 3.4)d	1.5 (0.3 to 2.7)d

NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

^aPoverty status was defined as the percentage of family income relative to the federal poverty level (FPL) and was classified into 2 groups (low income, <200% FPL; higher income, ≥200% FPL).

^bAdjusted changes in untreated and treated dental caries from 1999–2004 to 2011–2014 from the sociodemographic model, with control for age, sex, race/ethnicity, and household education level.

^cAdjusted changes in untreated and treated dental caries from 1999–2004 to 2011–2014 from the dental utilization model, controlling for past-year dental visit status in addition to the covariates included in the sociodemographic model.

^dCrude or adjusted change in untreated and treated caries from 1999–2004 to 2011–2014 was significant at P < 0.05 based on t test.

^eCrude or adjusted change in untreated and treated caries from 1999–2004 to 2011–2014 in low-income group significantly differed from that in higher-income group at P < 0.05 based on t test.