Effects of resveratrol on transcription factor expression in pro-inflammatory cytokine-stimulated ARPE-19 cells. Cells were pretreated with pro-inflammatory agents (TNFα, IL-6, IL-1β alone and in combination) for 10 min and subsequently treated with 2 and 1 μg/mL of resveratrol for 10 min. (A) p-AKT, AKT, p-c-Raf, and c-Raf levels were measured by immunoblot. The β-actin immunosignal was used as loading control. (B) The AKT and c-Raf relative fold changes in expression levels were normalized with β-actin and the respective un-phosphorylated forms by ImageJ. (C) Western blot analysis for p-stat3, stat3, p-NFκB, and NFκB. (D) The stat3 and NFκB relative fold changes in expression levels were normalized with β-actin and respective un-phosphorylation form by ImageJ. Data are shown as the mean ± SD of triplicate determinations from three independent experiments. * p < 0.05 indicates significant differences between the combination of pro-inflammatory agents and resveratrol.