Table 1:

Overview of recent studies of phage-related treatment in gastrointestinal diseases (English literature only)

Type of study	Phage (target)	Dose and method	Subject	Result and conclusion	Reference
Clinical trial	Phage T4 (E. coli)	105 PFU/ml, dose A, 103 PFU/ml, dose B, Oral administration	15 healthy individuals	Safe, but E. coli abundance not changed	Bruttin [62]
Clinical trial	T4-like Phages (E. coli)	3×109 PFU/ml, dose A, 3×107 PFU/ml, dose B, Oral administration	15 healthy individuals	Safe, gut microbiota profile not affected	Sarker [63]
Clinical trial	Commercial phage cocktail ColiProteus (E. coli)	20ml for adults, 10ml for children, and 10-fold dilution Oral administration	5 healthy adults, 10 healthy children	Overall safe, with occasional reported side effect independent of dosage	McCallin [110]
Clinical trial	T4-like Phages or ColiProteus (E. coli)	108 or 106 PFU for older children (T4-like phages), 107 or 105 PFU for younger children (T4-like phages), 5×108 or 109 PFU for all (ColiProteus), Oral administration	20 older children, 20 younger children	Both cocktails are safe	Sarker [65]
Clinical trial	T4-like Phages or ColiProteus (E. coli)	3.6×108 PFU (T4-like phages), 1.4×109 PFU (ColiProteus), Oral administration	120 children with diarrhea	Safe, but lack of efficacy	Sarker [111]
Clinical case report	Phage cocktail (A. baumannii)	5×109 PFU Intracavitary and Intravenous	68-year-old male with necrotizing pancreatitis complicated by pancreatic pseudocyst	Patient completely recovered	Schooley [67]
Clinical trial	Phage cocktail PreforPro (E. coli)	One 15mg capsule, Oral administration	32 healthy individuals with mild to moderate gastrointestinal distress	Safe and tolerable, but no difference from placebo	Gindin [112]
Clinical trial	Phage cocktail PreforPro (E. coli), together with probiotics Bifidobacterium animalis subspecies lactis strain BL04	One 15mg capsule, Oral administration	68 healthy individuals with mild to moderate gastrointestinal distress	Safe and tolerable, but no compelling evidence of efficacy	Grubb [113]
Preclinical study	Phage cocktail (adherent-invasive E. coli)	3×107 PFU Oral administration	Wild-type mice colonized with 108 CFU of adherent-invasive E. coli, Dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis	Fecal E. coli level decreased, dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis ameliorated	Galtier [70]
Preclinical study	Phage cocktail (E. faecalis)	1010 PFU Oral administration	Gnotobiotic mice colonized with stool samples from cytolysin-positive patients with alcoholic hepatitis, Ethanol-induced liver disease	Fecal E. faecalis level decreased, ethanol-induced liver disease ameliorated	Duan [87]