TABLE 1.
Baseline patient characteristics after 1:1 PS matching
| Category | SGLT‐2 inhibitors (7738) | DPP‐4 inhibitors (7738) | STD (%) | SGLT‐2 inhibitors (7145) | SU (7145) | STD (%) | SGLT‐2 inhibitors (2175) | TZD (2175) | STD (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||||
| Sex | |||||||||||||||
| Male | 5181 | 66.96 | 5184 | 66.99 | −0.1 | 4877 | 68.26 | 4862 | 68.05 | 0.5 | 1489 | 68.46 | 1509 | 69.38 | −2.0 |
| Female | 2557 | 33.04 | 2554 | 33.01 | 0.1 | 2268 | 31.74 | 2283 | 31.95 | −0.5 | 686 | 31.54 | 666 | 30.62 | 2.0 |
| Age | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 47.6 (11.0) | 48.0 (0.9) | −5.1 | 48.3 (10.8) | 48.9 (10.9) | −5.5 | 52.5 (11.3) | 53.1 (11.3) | −5.3 | ||||||
| 19–29 | 401 | 5.18 | 386 | 4.99 | 0.9 | 277 | 3.88 | 277 | 3.88 | 0.0 | 63 | 2.90 | 61 | 2.80 | 0.6 |
| 30–39 | 1335 | 17.25 | 1363 | 17.61 | −1.0 | 1143 | 16.00 | 1140 | 15.96 | 0.1 | 177 | 8.14 | 172 | 7.91 | 0.8 |
| 40–49 | 2571 | 33.23 | 2587 | 33.43 | −0.4 | 2370 | 33.17 | 2353 | 32.93 | 0.5 | 546 | 25.10 | 541 | 24.87 | 0.5 |
| 50–59 | 2414 | 31.20 | 2398 | 30.99 | 0.4 | 2348 | 32.86 | 2337 | 32.71 | 0.3 | 783 | 36.00 | 796 | 36.60 | −1.2 |
| 60–69 | 853 | 11.02 | 841 | 10.87 | 0.5 | 844 | 11.81 | 866 | 12.12 | −0.9 | 467 | 21.47 | 482 | 22.16 | −1.7 |
| 70–79 | 143 | 1.85 | 144 | 1.86 | −0.1 | 142 | 1.99 | 147 | 2.06 | −0.5 | 121 | 5.56 | 107 | 4.92 | 2.9 |
| 80+ | 21 | 0.27 | 19 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 21 | 0.29 | 25 | 0.35 | −1.0 | 18 | 0.83 | 16 | 0.74 | 1.0 |
| Drug use | |||||||||||||||
| Broad spectrum antibiotic | 1742 | 22.51 | 1712 | 22.12 | 0.9 | 1526 | 21.36 | 1504 | 21.05 | 0.8 | 440 | 20.23 | 411 | 18.90 | 3.4 |
| NSAIDs | 2749 | 35.53 | 2750 | 35.54 | 0.0 | 2511 | 35.14 | 2539 | 35.54 | −0.8 | 771 | 35.45 | 737 | 33.89 | 3.3 |
| Estrogen | 36 | 0.47 | 36 | 0.47 | 0.0 | 31 | 0.43 | 31 | 0.43 | 0.0 | 5 | 0.23 | 8 | 0.37 | −2.5 |
| Antifungal drugs | 695 | 8.98 | 682 | 8.81 | 0.6 | 592 | 8.29 | 611 | 8.55 | −1.0 | 163 | 7.49 | 158 | 7.26 | 0.9 |
| Antihypertensive agent | 3215 | 41.55 | 3187 | 41.19 | 0.7 | 2903 | 40.63 | 2882 | 40.34 | 0.6 | 916 | 42.11 | 934 | 42.94 | −1.7 |
| Anticonvulsants | 5 | 0.06 | 4 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 4 | 0.06 | 8 | 0.11 | −1.9 | 1 | 0.05 | 1 | 0.05 | 0.0 |
| Immunosuppressive drug | — | — | — | — | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | 0.0 | — | — | — | — | 0.0 |
| Systemic steroid | 23 | 0.30 | 15 | 0.19 | 2.1 | 21 | 0.29 | 15 | 0.21 | 1.7 | 8 | 0.37 | 6 | 0.28 | 1.6 |
| CCI | |||||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.0) | 1.5 (1.0) | 0.0 | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.3) | 0.0 | 1.5 (1.1) | 1.5 (1.1) | 0.0 | ||||||
| 0 | 1699 | 21.96 | 1723 | 22.27 | −0.7 | 1684 | 23.57 | 1682 | 23.54 | 0.1 | 495 | 22.76 | 535 | 24.60 | −4.3 |
| 1 | 2329 | 30.10 | 2316 | 29.93 | 0.4 | 2197 | 30.75 | 2225 | 31.14 | −0.8 | 597 | 27.45 | 580 | 26.67 | 1.8 |
| 2 | 2192 | 28.33 | 2137 | 27.62 | 1.6 | 1989 | 27.84 | 1898 | 26.56 | 2.9 | 601 | 27.63 | 608 | 27.95 | −0.7 |
| 3+ | 1518 | 19.62 | 1562 | 20.19 | −1.4 | 1275 | 17.84 | 1340 | 18.75 | −2.4 | 482 | 22.16 | 452 | 20.78 | 3.4 |
| Medical treatment | |||||||||||||||
| Diabetes, complicated | 1270 | 16.41 | 1256 | 16.23 | 0.5 | 1058 | 14.81 | 1052 | 14.72 | 0.2 | 367 | 16.87 | 377 | 17.33 | −1.2 |
| Diabetes, uncomplicated | 4357 | 56.31 | 4369 | 56.46 | −0.3 | 3915 | 54.79 | 3985 | 55.77 | −2.0 | 1184 | 54.44 | 1180 | 54.25 | 0.4 |
| Renal diseases | 46 | 0.59 | 51 | 0.66 | −0.8 | 35 | 0.49 | 37 | 0.52 | −0.4 | 12 | 0.55 | 11 | 0.51 | 0.6 |
| Stroke | 195 | 2.52 | 178 | 2.30 | 1.4 | 173 | 2.42 | 165 | 2.31 | 0.7 | 87 | 4.00 | 85 | 3.91 | 0.5 |
| Ischemic heart disease | 12 | 0.16 | 7 | 0.09 | 1.8 | 7 | 0.10 | 7 | 0.10 | 0.0 | 3 | 0.14 | — | — | 5.3 |
| Hypertension, uncomplicated | 295 | 3.81 | 283 | 3.66 | 0.8 | 217 | 3.04 | 227 | 3.18 | −0.8 | 65 | 2.99 | 60 | 2.76 | 1.4 |
| Hypertension, complicated | 3190 | 41.23 | 3165 | 40.90 | 0.7 | 2876 | 40.25 | 2855 | 39.96 | 0.6 | 889 | 40.87 | 901 | 41.43 | −1.1 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 4310 | 55.70 | 4333 | 56.00 | −0.6 | 3790 | 53.04 | 3839 | 53.73 | −1.4 | 1208 | 55.54 | 1206 | 55.45 | 0.2 |
| Congestive heart failure | 229 | 2.96 | 219 | 2.83 | 0.8 | 170 | 2.38 | 165 | 2.31 | 0.5 | 40 | 1.84 | 37 | 1.70 | 1.0 |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 223 | 2.88 | 185 | 2.39 | 3.1 | 184 | 2.58 | 180 | 2.52 | 0.4 | 58 | 2.67 | 49 | 2.25 | 2.7 |
| Valvular disease | 28 | 0.36 | 21 | 0.27 | 1.6 | 15 | 0.21 | 18 | 0.25 | −0.9 | 10 | 0.46 | 9 | 0.41 | 0.7 |
| Chronic pulmonary diseases | 1008 | 13.03 | 991 | 12.81 | 0.7 | 862 | 12.06 | 907 | 12.69 | −1.9 | 297 | 13.66 | 294 | 13.52 | 0.4 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 5 | 0.06 | 4 | 0.05 | 0.5 | 3 | 0.04 | 6 | 0.08 | −1.7 | 2 | 0.09 | — | — | 4.3 |
| Asthma | 8 | 0.10 | 2 | 0.03 | 3.1 | 4 | 0.06 | 5 | 0.07 | −0.6 | 3 | 0.14 | 1 | 0.05 | 3.0 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 432 | 5.58 | 476 | 6.15 | −2.4 | 410 | 5.74 | 398 | 5.57 | 0.7 | 193 | 8.87 | 179 | 8.23 | 2.3 |
| Hemiplegia | 11 | 0.14 | 8 | 0.10 | 1.1 | 10 | 0.14 | 8 | 0.11 | 0.8 | 6 | 0.28 | 8 | 0.37 | −1.6 |
| Neurodegenerative disorders | 55 | 0.71 | 48 | 0.62 | 1.1 | 52 | 0.73 | 45 | 0.63 | 1.2 | 25 | 1.15 | 13 | 0.60 | 5.9 |
| Hypothyroidism | 316 | 4.08 | 316 | 4.08 | 0.0 | 264 | 3.69 | 266 | 3.72 | −0.1 | 84 | 3.86 | 85 | 3.91 | −0.2 |
| Liver disease | 2677 | 34.60 | 2655 | 34.31 | 0.6 | 2386 | 33.39 | 2464 | 34.49 | −2.3 | 727 | 33.43 | 699 | 32.14 | 2.7 |
| Peptic ulcer disease, no bleeding | 664 | 8.58 | 667 | 8.62 | −0.1 | 606 | 8.48 | 612 | 8.57 | −0.3 | 204 | 9.38 | 194 | 8.92 | 1.6 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/collagen vascular diseases | 90 | 1.16 | 122 | 1.58 | −3.6 | 83 | 1.16 | 85 | 1.19 | −0.3 | 37 | 1.70 | 35 | 1.61 | 0.7 |
| Coagulopathy | 18 | 0.23 | 18 | 0.23 | 0.0 | 14 | 0.20 | 18 | 0.25 | −1.2 | 4 | 0.18 | 5 | 0.23 | −1.0 |
| Obesity | 39 | 0.50 | 33 | 0.43 | 1.1 | 15 | 0.21 | 13 | 0.18 | 0.6 | 4 | 0.18 | 5 | 0.23 | −1.0 |
| Weight loss | 22 | 0.28 | 13 | 0.17 | 2.4 | 22 | 0.31 | 21 | 0.29 | 0.3 | 8 | 0.37 | 5 | 0.23 | 2.5 |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 225 | 2.91 | 191 | 2.47 | 2.7 | 186 | 2.60 | 166 | 2.32 | 1.8 | 50 | 2.30 | 46 | 2.11 | 1.3 |
| Blood loss anemia | 13 | 0.17 | 18 | 0.23 | −1.4 | 10 | 0.14 | 10 | 0.14 | 0.0 | 2 | 0.09 | 4 | 0.18 | −2.5 |
| Deficiency anemia | 281 | 3.63 | 245 | 3.17 | 2.6 | 258 | 3.61 | 256 | 3.58 | 0.2 | 82 | 3.77 | 86 | 3.95 | −1.0 |
| Alcohol abuse | 200 | 2.58 | 226 | 2.92 | −2.1 | 184 | 2.58 | 202 | 2.83 | −1.6 | 61 | 2.80 | 67 | 3.08 | −1.6 |
| Drug abuse | 1 | 0.01 | 3 | 0.04 | −1.6 | — | — | 2 | 0.03 | −2.4 | — | — | — | — | 0.0 |
| Psychosis | 64 | 0.83 | 73 | 0.94 | −1.2 | 63 | 0.88 | 61 | 0.85 | 0.3 | 23 | 1.06 | 21 | 0.97 | 0.9 |
| Depression | 231 | 2.99 | 208 | 2.69 | 1.8 | 198 | 2.77 | 212 | 2.97 | −1.2 | 83 | 3.82 | 81 | 3.72 | 0.5 |
| Pregnancy | 12 | 0.16 | 11 | 0.14 | 0.3 | 5 | 0.07 | 3 | 0.04 | 1.2 | 1 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.09 | −1.8 |