Table 5. Properties of the TPO, LCO, and VGO.

	TPO
properties	stirred tank	rotary kiln	fixed bed	CSBR	LCO	VGO
density (kg L–1)	0.91	0.96	0.83	0.89	0.78	0.89
viscosity 40 °C (cSt)	6.30				3.30	21.0
HHV (MJ kg–1)	42.0	41.7	42.7	44.0	44.8	46.0
flash point (°C)	20	17	65		79	75
carbon residue (wt %)	2.20	1.78				<0.35
elemental analysis
C (wt %)	88.0	84.3	79.6	87.2	85.5	87.1
H (wt %)	9.40	10.4	10.0	10.6	12.4	12.8
N (wt %)	0.45	0.42	0.94	0.45	0.15	0.05
S (wt %)	1.50	1.54	0.11	1.22	1.40	0.90
proximate analysis
ash content (wt %)					0.01	0.02
moisture (wt %)	4.60	0.88			0.05	0.10
simulated distillation
IBP (°C)	100		38.5	129	139	218
90% BP (°C)	355			455	352	507

Adapted from the work by Hita et al.⁷¹