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. 2022 Mar 17;12:4645. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-08506-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed In vitro mechanism of production and In vivo method of delivery: (A) In vitro transcription of vaccine sequences (B) Vector-mediated delivery into the body and the mRNA transits to the cytosol (C) Mechanism of action of mRNA vaccine. Once it is translated into a protein in the cytosol, it undergoes PTMs and becomes a fully functional and properly folded protein. The tPA secretory signal and MITD sequences direct the peptides to specific compartments inside the cell (ER and Golgi apparatus) to either induce their secretion (LBL epitopes) or presentation (HTL and CTL epitopes) by the MHCI and MHCII.