Table 1. Active syphilis and selected characteristics by sex, ages 15+; ZIMPHIA 2015–2016.
| Total | Females | Males | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Syphilis | Syphilis | p-value | No Syphilis | Syphilis | p-value | No Syphilis | Syphilis | p-value | |||||||
| n | (%†) | n | (%†) | n | (%†) | n | (%†) | n | (%†) | n | (%†) | ||||
| Residence | 0.9676 | 0.9018 | 0.7691 | ||||||||||||
| Rural | 16,000 | (65.6) | 159 | (65.8) | 9,078 | (64.4) | 101 | (63.8) | 6,922 | (67.0) | 58 | (68.9) | |||
| Urban | 6,279 | (34.4) | 63 | (34.2) | 4,034 | (35.6) | 45 | (36.2) | 2,245 | (33.0) | 18 | (31.1) | |||
| Province | 0.0177 | 0.0341 | 0.4866 | ||||||||||||
| Bulawayo | 2,047 | (6.0) | 20 | (6.2) | 1,329 | (6.5) | 14 | (5.9) | 718 | (5.5) | 6 | (6.8) | |||
| Manicaland | 2,470 | (12.8) | 15 | (7.7) | 1,435 | (13.0) | 10 | (8.2) | 1,035 | (12.6) | 5 | (6.9) | |||
| Mashonaland Central | 2,249 | (8.8) | 10 | (5.0) | 1,210 | (8.0) | 5 | (4.1) | 1,039 | (9.6) | 5 | (6.5) | |||
| Mashonaland East | 2,164 | (10.8) | 15 | (8.1) | 1,170 | (10.1) | 8 | (6.5) | 994 | (11.7) | 7 | (10.7) | |||
| Mashonaland West | 2,650 | (12.8) | 28 | (14.0) | 1,417 | (11.6) | 20 | (16.1) | 1,233 | (14.2) | 8 | (10.9) | |||
| Matabeleland North | 2,148 | (5.1) | 29 | (7.4) | 1,280 | (5.3) | 20 | (7.8) | 868 | (4.9) | 9 | (6.9) | |||
| Matabeleland South | 1,811 | (5.1) | 37 | (10.4) | 1,092 | (5.4) | 24 | (10.6) | 719 | (4.8) | 13 | (10.2) | |||
| Midlands | 2,190 | (10.8) | 21 | (11.6) | 1,354 | (11.5) | 13 | (11.0) | 836 | (10.1) | 8 | (12.7) | |||
| Masvingo | 2,397 | (10.4) | 27 | (12.1) | 1,452 | (11.0) | 20 | (14.3) | 945 | (9.7) | 7 | (8.7) | |||
| Harare | 2,153 | (17.3) | 20 | (17.3) | 1,373 | (17.7) | 12 | (15.7) | 780 | (16.9) | 8 | (19.8) | |||
| Sex | 0.0155 | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 13,112 | (52.6) | 146 | (61.2) | |||||||||||
| Male | 9,167 | (47.4) | 76 | (38.8) | |||||||||||
| Age (years) | 0.0006 | 0.1212 | 0.0004 | ||||||||||||
| 15–24 | 7,061 | (34.2) | 40 | (22.4) | 3,900 | (32.8) | 31 | (27.4) | 3,161 | (35.8) | 9 | (14.6) | |||
| 25–34 | 5,022 | (25.6) | 51 | (24.9) | 3,114 | (26.5) | 38 | (27.9) | 1,908 | (24.7) | 13 | (20.1) | |||
| 35–49 | 5,236 | (23.0) | 52 | (25.0) | 3,110 | (22.2) | 28 | (18.5) | 2,126 | (23.9) | 24 | (35.2) | |||
| 50+ | 4,960 | (17.1) | 79 | (27.7) | 2,988 | (18.4) | 49 | (26.2) | 1,972 | (15.6) | 30 | (30.1) | |||
| Education: Highest attended | <0.001 | 0.0015 | 0.0031 | ||||||||||||
| No education | 1,033 | (3.6) | 21 | (7.6) | 806 | (5.2) | 16 | (9.7) | 227 | (1.8) | 5 | (4.2) | |||
| Primary | 7,304 | (28.2) | 104 | (42.3) | 4,450 | (30.4) | 68 | (42.2) | 2,854 | (25.9) | 36 | (42.4) | |||
| Secondary or above | 13,916 | (68.2) | 97 | (50.1) | 7,843 | (64.4) | 62 | (48.1) | 6,073 | (72.4) | 35 | (53.4) | |||
| Marital status | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Never married | 6,080 | (30.1) | 27 | (13.9) | 2,688 | (22.3) | 16 | (12.4) | 3,392 | (38.7) | 11 | (16.1) | |||
| Married/Living together | 12,712 | (56.5) | 118 | (53.0) | 7,523 | (57.3) | 67 | (45.9) | 5,189 | (55.6) | 51 | (64.3) | |||
| Formerly married‡ | 3,458 | (13.4) | 76 | (33.1) | 2,883 | (20.4) | 62 | (41.7) | 575 | (5.8) | 14 | (19.6) | |||
| No. of sexual partners (last 12 mos) | 0.0003 | <0.001 | 0.2170 | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 4,180 | (21.4) | 47 | (20.3) | 2,829 | (24.1) | 37 | (25.2) | 1,351 | (18.3) | 10 | (12.5) | |||
| 1 | 12,254 | (68.0) | 122 | (59.4) | 7,825 | (72.9) | 81 | (59.1) | 4,429 | (62.3) | 41 | (59.9) | |||
| 2+ | 1,638 | (10.5) | 31 | (20.3) | 315 | (3.0) | 16 | (15.8) | 1,323 | (19.4) | 15 | (27.7) | |||
| Condom use (last 12 mos) | 0.0093 | <0.001 | 0.4019 | ||||||||||||
| No sex/Always used | 6,970 | (37.1) | 86 | (39.8) | 4,234 | (36.3) | 63 | (45.1) | 2,736 | (37.9) | 23 | (31.2) | |||
| Inconsistent use | 686 | (4.5) | 14 | (9.6) | 150 | (1.3) | 7 | (7.6) | 536 | (8.2) | 7 | (12.8) | |||
| Never used | 10,320 | (58.4) | 98 | (50.6) | 6,555 | (62.3) | 63 | (47.3) | 3,765 | (53.8) | 35 | (56.0) | |||
| Transactional sex (last 12 mos) ‡‡ | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| No sex/No trans. sex | 17,359 | (95.5) | 170 | (81.6) | 10,631 | (96.9) | 115 | (83.9) | 6,728 | (94.0) | 55 | (78.0) | |||
| Yes, trans. sex | 749 | (4.5) | 30 | (18.4) | 359 | (3.1) | 19 | (16.1) | 390 | (6.0) | 11 | (22.0) | |||
| Pregnancy status | 0.2773 | ||||||||||||||
| Not pregnant | 12,295 | (95.0) | 134 | (92.9) | |||||||||||
| Pregnant | 599 | (5.0) | 9 | (7.1) | |||||||||||
| Male circumcision status | 0.4051 | ||||||||||||||
| Not circumcised | 7,495 | (84.5) | 67 | (88.9) | |||||||||||
| Circumcised | 1,430 | (15.5) | 7 | (11.1) | |||||||||||
| HIV status | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Negative | 18,872 | (86.7) | 122 | (54.7) | 10,892 | (85.1) | 78 | (54.5) | 7,980 | (88.6) | 44 | (55.0) | |||
| Positive | 3,407 | (13.3) | 100 | (45.3) | 2,220 | (14.9) | 68 | (45.5) | 1,187 | (11.4) | 32 | (45.0) | |||
| Total | 22,279 | (100.0) | 222 | (100.0) | 13,112 | (100.0) | 146 | (100.0) | 9,167 | (100.0) | 76 | (100.0) | |||
| Active Syphilis Prevalence | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.7 | ||||||||||||
† Weighted column percentages.
‡ Formerly married includes people who reported being divorced, separated, or widowed at the time surveyed.
‡‡ Transactional sex includes people who reported that in the past 12 months they paid money for sex, sold money for sex, and/or entered into a sexual relationship with a partner who provided or was expected to provide material support to the respondent. Material support was defined as helping the respondent to pay for things or giving the respondent gifts or other items the respondent needed or requested.