Table 7. Factors associated with fecal carriage rate of ESBL-PE among food handlers at the University of Gondar Specialized Hospital and students’ cafeteria, Northwest Ethiopia, February to June 2021.
| Variables | Category | Number tested (N = 290) | ESBL Positive (N = 63) N (%) | ESBL Negative (N = 227) N (%) | Bivariate analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COR(95%CI) | p-value | AOR(95%CI) | p-value | |||||
| Gender | Male | 48 | 7 (14.6) | 41 (85.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 242 | 56 (23.1) | 86 (76.9) | 2.46 (0.84–7.23) | 0.100 | 0.30 (0.08–1.2) | 0.086 | |
| Age in years | <20 | 8 | 3 (37.5) | 5 (62.5) | 1 | 1 | ||
| 20–40 | 240 | 51 (21.3) | 189 (78.7) | 0.60 (0.10–3.61) | 0.577 | |||
| >40 | 42 | 9 (21.4) | 33 (78.6) | 1.03 (0.43–2.48) | 0.954 | |||
| Level of Education | Illiterate | 57 | 29 (50.9) | 28 (49.1) | 0.16 (0.31–0.97) | 0.020 | 0.7 (0.07–0.16) | 0.081 |
| Primary | 98 | 13 (13.3) | 85 (86.7) | 1.70 (0.71–1.92) | 0.371 | 0.3 (0.24–0.77) | 0.246 | |
| Secondary and above | 115 | 21 (18.3) | 94 (81.7) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Monthly income | Less than 1000 ETB | 7 | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | 0.52 (0.08–3.45) | 0.501 | ||
| Greater than 1500 ETB | 283 | 60 (21.2) | 223 (78.8) | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | Married | 159 | 38 (23.9) | 121 (76.1) | 0.84 (0.44–1.60) | 0.595 | ||
| Unmarried | 131 | 25 (19.1) | 106 (80.9) | 1 | ||||
| Family size | 1–5 | 262 | 59 (22.5) | 203 (77.5) | 0.59 (0.17–2.05) | 0.407 | ||
| Greater than 5 | 28 | 4 (14.3) | 24 (85.7) | 1 | ||||
| Service years | 1–5 | 152 | 34 (22.4) | 118 (77.6) | 0.28 (0.38–0.95) | 0.398 | ||
| Greater than 5 | 138 | 29 (21) | 109 (79) | 1 | ||||
| Knowledge of food safety practice | Yes | 174 | 38 (21.8) | 136 (78.2) | 1 | |||
| No | 116 | 25 (21.6) | 91 (78.4) | 3.50 (1.81–6.78) | 0.000 | 1.2 (1.07–1.46) | 0.003* | |
| Medical checkups | Yes | 181 | 18 (9.9) | 163 (90.1) | 1 | |||
| No | 109 | 45 (41.3) | 64 (58.7) | 0.52 (.26–1.0) | 0.075 | |||
| History of admission in the last 3 months | Yes | 6 | 6 (100) | 0 | 0.21 (0.06–0.75) | 0.016 | 2.1 (0.47–9.16) | 0.331 |
| No | 284 | 57 (20) | 227 (80) | 1 | 1 | |||
| History of medical instrumentation | Yes | 8 | 6 (75) | 2 (25) | 1 | 0.522 | 1 | |
| No | 282 | 57 (20.2) | 225 (79.8) | 0.587 (0.11–3.0) | 0.9 (0.18–5.24) | 0.970 | ||
| History of diarrhea in the last 3 months | Yes | 93 | 35 (37.6) | 58 (62.4) | 0.28 (0.14–0.53) | 0.000 | 1.5 (0.62–3.67) | 0.371 |
| No | 197 | 28 (14.2) | 169 (85.8) | 1 | 1 | |||
| History of UTI | Yes | 58 | 22 (37.9) | 36 (62.1) | 0.35 (0.18–0.69) | 0.003 | 1.4 (0.56–3.38) | 0.510 |
| No | 232 | 41 (17.7) | 191 (82.3) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Antibiotics used in the last 3 months | Yes | 129 | 45 (34.9) | 84 (65.1) | 0.19 (0.09–0.39) | 0.000 | 4.14 (1.31–13) | 0.016* |
| No | 161 | 18 (11.2) | 143 (88.8) | 1 | 1 | |||
| History of chronic disease | Yes | 38 | 13 (34.2) | 25 (65.8) | 0.48(0.21–1.07) | 0.072 | 0.81 (0.31–2.1) | 0.668 |
| No | 252 | 50 (19.8) | 202 (80.2) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Hand washing habit | Yes | 264 | 60 (22.7) | 204 (77.3) | 1 | |||
| No | 26 | 3 (11.5) | 23 (84.5) | 0.39 (0.09–1.72) | 0.215 | |||
| Fingernail status | trimmed | 273 | 58 (21.2) | 215 (78.8) | 1 | 1 | 0.566 | |
| Not trimmed | 17 | 5 (29.4) | 12 (70.6) | 1.59 (0.49–5.13) | 0.433 | 0.69 (0.19–2.49) | ||
| Wear hair garment | Yes | 259 | 58 (22.4) | 201 (77.6) | 1 | 1 | 0.795 | |
| No | 31 | 5 (16.1) | 26 (83.9) | 1.0 (0.36–2.78) | 0.993 | 0.86 (0.27–2.74) | ||
| Drinking unpasteurized milk | Yes | 71 | 35 (49.3) | 36 (50.7) | 8.9 (4.48–17.71) | 0.000 | 10.4 (3.8–28.8) | 0.001* |
| No | 219 | 27 (12.3) | 192 (87.7) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Eating raw meat | Yes | 59 | 17 (28.8) | 42 (71.2) | 1.58 (0.77–3.23) | 0.211 | 0.60 (0.24–151 | 0.282 |
| No | 231 | 46 (19.9) | 185 (80.1) | 1 | 1 | |||
| Eating raw vegetables | Yes | 148 | 6 (4.1) | 142 (95.9) | 0.44 (0.22–0.85) | 0.015 | 0.4 (0.15–1.26) | 0.125 |
| No | 142 | 57 (40.1) | 85 (59.9) | 1 | 1 | |||
Abbreviations, COR = crude odds ratio, AOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval.