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. 2021 May 6;118(4):934–950. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvab158

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Translocation of the ULK complex to the ER leads to the phosphorylation and activation of the PtdIns3K complex I, which generates PtdIns3P-rich ER subdomains known as omegasomes. ZFYVE1, WDR45/WIPI4, and WIPI2B are recruited to omegasomes by binding PtdIns3P. WIPI4 binds ATG2A, which tethers the ER to the growing phagophore and transports lipids from one side to the other. ATG9A binds ATG2A, and the former moves lipids from one side of the membrane leaflet to the other, expanding the phagophore. WIPI2B recruits the ATG12–ATG5-ATG16L1 complex, inducing the lipidation of LC3 at the phagophore. Different sources provide membranes for phagophore expansion.