Table 1.

Studies and clinical characteristics, treatment and outcomes in patients with COVID-19-associated autoimmune thyroid disorders.

Author(s)	References	Country	Age (years)	Gender	Previous thyroid disease	Pulmonary involvement of COVID-19	Hospitalization for COVID 19	Diagnosis	Imaging study	Time from COVID-19	TSH level (mIU/L)	TRab (N:<0.9 U/L)	Anti-TPO (N < 60 IU/mL)	Anti-TG (N < 60 IU/mL)	Associated disease	Treatment	Outcome
Allam et al.	[10]	Egypt	33	F	Graves' disease, 9 months ago	No	No	Graves' disease with Graves' ophtalmopathy	US showed enlarged gland with a relative diffuse reduction in vascularity and heterogeneous parenchyma	Concomitantly	0.01	11.2 (<1.8)			Graves' ophthalmopathy	Carbimazole, selenium, prednisolone 20 mg/day	Euthyroidism was achieved 3 months later
Harris et al.	[11]	USA	21	F	No	No	No	Graves' disease	NA	16 days	<0.01	17				Methimazole	Clinical euthyroidism was achieved 3 months later
Jimenez – Blanco et al.	[12]	Spain	45	F	GD and Graves' orbitopathy of 25 years	Yes	NA	Graves' disease	US showed hypervascularization	Concomitantly	<0.005	28				Methimazole	Euthyroidism was achived 3 months later
			61	F	GD diagnosed in 2004	NA	NA	Graves' disease relapse	Radionuclide thyroid scanning showed increased uniform tracer uptake and thyroid US showed hypervascularization	1 month later	<0.01	1.31				Methimazole	Euthyroidism was achived 3 months later
Lanzolla et al.	[13]	Italy	33	F	No	NA	NA	Graves' disease with mild Graves' orbitopathy	US revealed a diffuse hypoechoic pattern of the thyroid	2 months	↓	+			A mild, inactive GO was diagnosed	Methimazole	Euthyroidism achieved
Mateu et al.	[14]	Spain	60	F	GD was diagnosed at age 23 and normal thyroid function since age 25	Yes	NA	Graves' disease	Radio iodine uptake was increased to 30% and 45.7% at 2 and 24 h after administration of 100 μCi of iodine	1 month	<0.01	2.13	1343	199		Thiamazole and propranolol	Symptoms and thyroid functions improved after treatment
			53	F	No	Yes	No	Graves' disease	Iodine-uptake was increased to 61 and 62% at 2 and 24 h respectively	2 months	<0.01	6.07	3239	1617		Thiamazole and propranolol	Symptoms and thyroid functions improved after treatment
Pastor et al.	[15]	Spain	45	F	Graves disease in stable remission	No	No	Thyrotoxic crisis	NA	Concomitantly	<0.01	NA				Thiamazole, atenolol and hydrocortisone	Good response to treatment
Montebello et al.	[16]	Malta	22	F	Graves' disease in stable remission since 2018	No	No	Graves' disease	US showed normal sized thyroid gland with heterogeneous texture	2 months	0.009	6.9	<10 IU/mL (0–50)			Carbimazole 40 mg	A significant improvement was achieved after 1 month of treatment
Feghali et al.	[17]	USA	33	F	No	NA	No	Graves' disease	US revealed mild thyromegaly with heterogeneous and hyperrvascular appearance	7 weeks	<0.01	TSI: 309 (n<140%) TRab: <1		14 IU/mL (<1)		Methimazole and propranolol	Symptoms relieved two weeks later
Milani et al.	[18]	Iran	39	M	Graves' disease for three years	Yes	Yes	Thyroid storm due to Graves' disease	NA	2 weeks	<0.05				Eye examination indicated proptosis	Methimazole, hydrocortisone, popranolol, iodine	Symptoms improved after three days and discharged after 8 days
			50	M	A history of hyperthyroidism for ten years	No	Yes	Thyroid storm due to Graves' disease	NA	Concomitantly	<0.01				ARDS on the seventh day of hospitalization	Methimazole, hydrocortisone, popranolol, iodine	The patient died on the 8th day
Edwards et al.	[19]	USA	27	M	No	No	No	Thyroid storm due to Graves' Disease	US showed a diffusely enlarged, heterogenous, hypervascular gland	Concomitantly	<0.01	TRAb 9.4 TSI:8.43 IU/L (≤0.54)			The patients was admitted to ICU and hospitalized for 8 days	Methimazole, potassium iodide, esmolol, propranolol, cholestyramine	Partial biochemical improvement was achieved after t2 weeks and methimazole dose was increased
			21	F	No	No	No	Impending storm	NA	Concomitantly	<0.01	TSI: 7.77 (≤0.54IU/L)			The patient was admitted to hospital for impending thyroid storm	Methimazole, hydrocortisone, propranolol	Partial biochemical improvement was achieved after 2 weeks and methimazole dose was increased
Allam et al.	[10]	Egypt	42	F	Hashimoto's thyroiditis for 10 years	No	No	Hypothyroidisim due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis	USG showed a homogenous thyroid gland with streaks and relative hypervascularity	81 days	25.46		<35			Levothyroxin	Euthyroidism was achived 2 months later
Feghali et al.	[17]	USA	38	F	No	NA	No	Hypothyroidisim due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis	US revealed thyromegaly with a heterogenous and hypoechoic sonographic appearance	6 weeks	136	<1 IU/L	>900	>1000		Levothyroxin	Euthyroidism was achived 1 month later
Dixit et al.	[20]	USA	69	F	Not documented before admission	Yes	Yes	Myxedema coma with concomitant COVID-19	NA	Concomitantly	61.3		33.4		Myxedema coma and sudden cardiac arrest	Levothyroxin	Died
Tee et al.	[21]	China	45	M	No	No	No	Hypothyroidisim due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis	NA	7 days	6.49		>2000IU/mL			levothyroxine	Symptom relief two weeks later
Knack et al.	[22]	Brazil	33	F	No	No	no	Hypothyroidisim due to Hashimoto's thyroiditis	US revealed diffusely hypoechoic and heterogeneous thyroid glands	20 days	8		115	252		Levothyroxine	Euthyroidism was achived 4 months later
Mizuno et al.	[23]	Japan	29	F	Hashimoto's thyroiditis for 5 years	NA	Yes	Postpartum thyroiditis	US revealed coarse echotexture	36 days	0.02	<0.9	<3	12.2		None	Euthyroidism was achived 69 days later

TSH: thyroid stimulating hormone, TRab: anti-TSH receptor antibody, anti-TPO: anti-thyroperoxidase autoantibody, anti-TG: anti-thyroglobulin antibody, F: female, M: male, GD: Graves' disease, GO: Graves' ophthalmopathy, NA: not available, US: ultrasound, TSI: Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin, ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome, ICU: intensive care unit.