Table 1:
Cell death molecules
| Molecule | Host Domain architecture | Reported roles in PCD |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| Caspases | ||
|
| ||
| Caspase-1 |
|
Pyroptosis, PANoptosis: Cleaves and activates GSDMD, IL-1β, IL-18 |
| Caspase-3 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, PANoptosis: Cleaves and inactivates GSDMD, cleaves and activates GSDME, executes apoptosis through cleavage of other substrates |
| Caspase-4 |
|
Pyroptosis: Cleaves and activates GSDMD |
| Caspase-5 |
|
Pyroptosis: Cleaves and activates GSDMD |
| Caspase-6 |
|
Apoptosis, PANoptosis: Cleaves and activates caspase-3 and caspase-7, stabilizes PANoptosome complex |
| Caspase-7 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, PANoptosis: Cleaves and inactivates GSDMD, cleaves and activates GSDME, executes apoptosis through cleavage of other substrates |
| Caspase-8 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis: Capable of cleaving and activating GSDMD, GSDME, IL-1β, IL-18, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-9, and RIPK1 |
| Caspase-9 |
|
Apoptosis: Cleaves and activates caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8 |
| Caspase-10 |
|
Apoptosis: Cleaves and activates caspase-3 and caspase-7 |
| Caspase-11 |
|
Pyroptosis: Cleaves and activates GSDMD |
|
| ||
| Inflammasome sensors | ||
|
| ||
| NLRP1 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis: Facilitates inflammasome formation after n-terminal cleavage |
| NLRP3 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, PANoptosis: Facilitates inflammasome formation downstream of a number of signals, including pore formation, trans-Golgi network disruption, K+ efflux, and TAK1 inhibition |
| NAIP |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis: Binds NLRC4-activating ligands, nucleates NLRC4 monomers to initiate inflammasome formation |
| NLRC4 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis: Facilitates inflammasome formation after NAIP–ligand binding |
| AIM2 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis: Facilitates inflammasome formation after nucleation on double-stranded DNA |
| Pyrin |
|
Pyroptosis: Facilitates inflammasome formation downstream of Rho GTPase inactivation |
|
| ||
| RHIM–containing molecules | ||
|
| ||
| RIPK1 |
|
Apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis: Facilitates RIPK3 phosphorylation and activation |
| RIPK3 |
|
Necroptosis, PANoptosis: Phosphorylates MLKL after activation |
| ZBP1 |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, PANoptosis: Senses Z-nucleic acids to induce inflammatory cell death |
|
| ||
| Adaptor molecules | ||
|
| ||
| ASC |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, PANoptosis: Serves as a linker molecule between sensors and effector proteins (i.e., NLRP3 and caspase-1); recruits caspase-8 to the inflammasome |
| FADD |
|
Pyroptosis, apoptosis, PANoptosis: Serves as a bridge to link caspase-8 to death receptors; plays a role in inflammasome formation |
|
| ||
| Pore–forming molecules | ||
|
| ||
| GSDMD |
|
Pyroptosis, PANoptosis: N-terminal domain forms pores in cellular membrane after cleavage |
| GSDME |
|
Pyroptosis, PANoptosis: N-terminal domain forms pores in cellular membrane after cleavage |
| MLKL |
|
Necroptosis, PANoptosis: Forms pores in cellular membrane after phosphorylation |