Skip to main content
. 2022 Feb 5;66(6):2100890. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.202100890

Table 2.

Metabolites (N = 102) significantly associated with the protein‐rich dietary pattern relative to the carbohydrate‐rich dietary pattern in the OmniHeart trial

Metabolite Superpathway Subpathway Mean differencea) p‐value
Hydroxyasparagine Amino acid Alanine and aspartate metabolism –0.0690 1.85 × 10−7
Creatine Amino acid Creatine metabolism 0.1189 2.23 × 10−6
Pyroglutamine* Amino acid Glutamate metabolism −0.1294 4.88 × 10−5
N‐acetylglycine Amino acid Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism 0.1827 3.62 × 10−7
Glycine Amino acid Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism –0.0548 2.35 × 10−5
Betaine Amino acid Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism –0.0514 1.72 × 10−5
Guanidinosuccinate Amino acid Guanidino and acetamido metabolism 0.3052 4.47 × 10−12
1‐methyl‐5‐imidazoleacetate Amino acid Histidine metabolism 0.2676 2.00 × 10−6
hydantoin‐5‐propionate Amino acid Histidine metabolism 0.1899 2.05 × 10−5
1‐ribosyl‐imidazoleacetate* Amino acid Histidine metabolism −0.0670 4.87 × 10−5
Tiglyl carnitine (C5) Amino acid Leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism 0.3195 1.93 × 10−16
Isobutyrylcarnitine (C4) Amino acid Leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism 0.2009 2.44 × 10−8
3‐hydroxyisobutyrate Amino acid Leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism 0.1937 2.42 × 10−6
3‐methylglutaconate Amino acid Leucine, isoleucine and valine metabolism 0.1570 8.21 × 10−8
N,N,N‐trimethyl‐5‐aminovalerate Amino acid Lysine metabolism −0.1228 4.34 × 10−12
S‐methylcysteine Amino acid Methionine, cysteine, SAM and taurine metabolism −0.1868 4.44 × 10−7
Phenylacetate Amino acid Phenylalanine metabolism 0.2406 3.27 × 10−5
2‐hydroxyphenylacetate Amino acid Phenylalanine metabolism 0.2030 9.48 × 10−7
Tryptophan betaine Amino acid Tryptophan metabolism 0.5422 2.91 × 10−25
Indolepropionate Amino acid Tryptophan metabolism −0.3145 1.24 × 10−8
Xanthurenate Amino acid Tryptophan metabolism 0.2351 7.98 × 10−6
N‐formylanthranilic acid Amino acid Tryptophan metabolism 0.2310 2.06 × 10−7
3‐indoxyl sulfate Amino acid Tryptophan metabolism 0.1916 2.92 × 10−5
6‐bromotryptophan Amino acid Tryptophan metabolism −0.0944 9.46 × 10−9
3‐methoxytyrosine Amino acid Tyrosine metabolism −0.0975 2.54 × 10−5
Urea Amino acid Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism 0.2094 1.19 × 10−19
Argininate* Amino acid Urea cycle; arginine and proline metabolism 0.2048 6.57 × 10−7
Glycerate Carbohydrate Glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pyruvate metabolism −0.0781 5.50 × 10−7
Ribulonate/xylulonate/lyxonate* Carbohydrate Pentose metabolism –0.1664 3.71 × 10−9
Arabonate/xylonate Carbohydrate Pentose Metabolism –0.1121 5.32 × 10−5
Oxalate (ethanedioate) Cofactors and vitamins Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism –0.1075 1.20 × 10−8
N1‐Methyl‐2‐pyridone‐5‐carboxamide Cofactors and vitamins Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism 0.1493 9.76 × 10−6
Gamma‐CEHC glucuronide* Cofactors and vitamins Tocopherol metabolism −0.3241 5.09 × 10−7
Gamma‐CEHC Cofactors and vitamins Tocopherol metabolism −0.3051 6.59 × 10−13
delta‐CEHC Cofactors and vitamins Tocopherol metabolism –0.2690 2.23 × 10−6
Pyridoxate Cofactors and vitamins Vitamin B6 metabolism 0.1542 8.98 × 10−7
Succinylcarnitine (C4) Energy TCA Cycle −0.0982 2.93 × 10−5
5alpha‐androstan‐3alpha,17beta‐diol monosulfate (1) Lipid Androgenic steroids −0.1710 3.28 × 10−6
Androstenediol (3beta,17beta) monosulfate (2) Lipid Androgenic steroids −0.1573 1.43 × 10−9
5alpha‐androstan‐3beta,17beta‐diol disulfate Lipid Androgenic steroids −0.1544 4.85 × 10−6
Androsterone sulfate Lipid Androgenic steroids −0.1344 1.86 × 10−7
Androstenediol (3beta,17beta) disulfate (1) Lipid Androgenic steroids −0.1300 2.47 × 10−7
Androstenediol (3alpha, 17alpha) monosulfate (3) Lipid Androgenic steroids −0.1002 2.21 × 10−5
N‐stearoyl‐sphingosine (d18:1/18:0)* Lipid Ceramides −0.1253 2.47 × 10−7
Ceramide (d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2)* Lipid Ceramides −0.1212 2.00 × 10−5
3,4‐methyleneheptanoylcarnitine Lipid Fatty acid metabolism(Acyl Carnitine) −0.3080 8.90 × 10−8
Lignoceroylcarnitine (C24)* Lipid Fatty acid Metabolism(Acyl Carnitine) 0.1494 1.31 × 10−6
Picolinoylglycine Lipid Fatty acid metabolism(Acyl Glycine) 0.2212 4.83 × 10−9
16‐hydroxypalmitate Lipid Fatty acid, monohydroxy −0.1073 5.88 × 10−5
Glycosyl‐N‐(2‐hydroxynervonoyl)‐sphingosine (d18:1/24:1(2OH))* Lipid Hexosylceramides (HCER) −0.3066 8.55 × 10−8
Glycosyl‐N‐nervonoyl‐sphingosine (d18:1/24:1)* Lipid Hexosylceramides (HCER) –0.1456 5.65 × 10−10
Glycosyl ceramide (d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2)* Lipid Hexosylceramides (HCER) −0.1416 2.96 × 10−8
Glycosyl‐N‐stearoyl‐sphingosine (d18:1/18:0) Lipid Hexosylceramides (HCER) −0.1408 4.08 × 10−8
Glycosyl‐N‐palmitoyl‐sphingosine (d18:1/16:0) Lipid Hexosylceramides (HCER) −0.0670 2.62 × 10−5
1‐linolenoyl‐GPC (18:3)* Lipid Lysophospholipid −0.2207 5.66 × 10−9
1‐linoleoyl‐GPE (18:2)* Lipid Lysophospholipid −0.1425 5.28 × 10−6
1‐stearoyl‐2‐docosahexaenoyl‐GPC (18:0/22:6) Lipid Phosphatidylcholine (PC) −0.1268 1.72 × 10−12
1‐stearoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐GPC (18:0/18:1) Lipid Phosphatidylcholine (PC) −0.1148 2.86 × 10−7
1‐palmitoyl‐2‐stearoyl‐GPC (16:0/18:0) Lipid Phosphatidylcholine (PC) −0.0751 2.81 × 10−6
1‐palmitoyl‐2‐oleoyl‐GPC (16:0/18:1) Lipid Phosphatidylcholine (PC) −0.0648 5.03 × 10−5
1‐palmitoyl‐2‐arachidonoyl‐GPI (16:0/20:4)* Lipid Phosphatidylinositol (PI) −0.1552 7.81 × 10−6
1‐palmitoyl‐2‐linoleoyl‐GPI (16:0/18:2) Lipid Phosphatidylinositol (PI) −0.1434 4.46 × 10−6
1‐(1‐enyl‐palmitoyl)‐2‐arachidonoyl‐GPE (P‐16:0/20:4)* Lipid Plasmalogen 0.1394 4.66 × 10−8
1‐(1‐enyl‐stearoyl)‐2‐arachidonoyl‐GPE (P‐18:0/20:4)* Lipid Plasmalogen 0.0980 1.19 × 10−5
1‐(1‐enyl‐palmitoyl)‐2‐arachidonoyl‐GPC (P‐16:0/20:4)* Lipid Plasmalogen 0.0901 3.29 × 10−8
Sphingomyelin (d18:2/14:0, d18:1/14:1)* Lipid Sphingomyelins −0.0971 1.04 × 10−7
Sphingomyelin (d18:1/25:0, d19:0/24:1, d20:1/23:0, d19:1/24:0)* Lipid Sphingomyelins 0.0873 2.02 × 10−6
Sphingomyelin (d18:2/23:1)* Lipid Sphingomyelins −0.0859 7.32 × 10−6
Sphingomyelin (d17:1/14:0, d16:1/15:0)* Lipid Sphingomyelins −0.0802 3.04 × 10−5
Sphingomyelin (d18:2/24:2)* Lipid Sphingomyelins −0.0753 2.77 × 10−6
Stearoyl sphingomyelin (d18:1/18:0) Lipid Sphingomyelins −0.0665 1.24 × 10−5
Sphingomyelin (d18:2/24:1, d18:1/24:2)* Lipid Sphingomyelins −0.0664 3.51 × 10−6
Uracil Nucleotide Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing 0.2314 1.22 × 10−7
Uridine Nucleotide Pyrimidine metabolism, uracil containing 0.0832 3.88 × 10−6
Glycine conjugate of C10H14O2 (1)* Partially characterized molecules Partially characterized molecules −0.2161 1.96 × 10−5
Metabolonic lactone sulfate Partially characterized molecules Partially characterized molecules −0.2154 4.37 × 10−18
Phenylacetylglutamate Peptide Acetylated peptides 0.3346 3.26 × 10−5
Phenylacetylglutamine Peptide Acetylated peptides 0.2313 1.07 × 10−5
1H‐indole‐7‐acetic acid Xenobiotics Bacterial/fungal 0.4521 1.46 × 10−6
4‐ethylphenyl sulfate Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism 1.2830 8.94 × 10−22
4‐acetylphenyl sulfate Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism 0.6736 1.63 × 10−12
Hippurate Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism −0.5706 4.07 × 10−11
4‐vinylphenol sulfate Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism 0.4873 2.29 × 10−7
Guaiacol sulfate Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism −0.3593 5.86 × 10−8
Catechol sulfate Xenobiotics Benzoate metabolism −0.3333 3.54 × 10−8
Benzoylcarnitine* Xenobiotics Chemical −0.6127 6.89 × 10−16
Indoleacetylcarnitine* Xenobiotics Chemical 0.3876 6.43 × 10−9
6‐hydroxyindole sulfate Xenobiotics Chemical 0.2068 3.26 × 10−5
Quinate Xenobiotics Food component/Plant −1.0307 2.35 × 10−15
Piperine Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.8829 8.53 × 10−14
Sulfate of piperine metabolite C18H21NO3 (1)* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.7956 1.90 × 10−19
Sulfate of piperine metabolite C16H19NO3 (3)* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.7655 9.00 × 10−15
Sulfate of piperine metabolite C16H19NO3 (2)* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.7431 1.48 × 10−15
Sulfate of piperine metabolite C18H21NO3 (3)* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.6537 1.33 × 10−18
Glucuronide of piperine metabolite C17H21NO3 (4)* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.6100 3.52 × 10−10
Glucuronide of piperine metabolite C17H21NO3 (3)* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.5843 4.53 × 10−10
Genistein sulfate* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.5504 3.38 × 10−8
Glucuronide of piperine metabolite C17H21NO3 (5)* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.4446 6.10 × 10−8
Pyrraline Xenobiotics Food component/Plant 0.3915 5.20 × 10−7
Stachydrine Xenobiotics Food component/Plant −0.3181 5.99 × 10−11
3,4‐methyleneheptanoate Xenobiotics Food component/Plant −0.3098 2.89 × 10−5
homostachydrine* Xenobiotics Food component/Plant −0.2137 1.22 × 10−8
a)

Mean difference represents differences in plasma levels comparing the protein‐rich dietary pattern versus the carbohydrate‐rich dietary pattern at the end of the 6‐week intervention. Positive mean difference indicates that the metabolite was higher after the protein‐rich relative to the carbohydrate‐rich dietary patterns. Negative mean difference indicates that the metabolite was higher after the carbohydrate‐rich relative to the protein‐rich dietary patterns. Only metabolites which passed the Bonferroni threshold are presented (0.05/839 = 5.95 × 10−5). p value is derived from paired t‐test.

*

Asterisk indicates metabolites not officially confirmed (tier 2 identification).