Table 1.

Conceptual^* Benefits of CR and Theoretical Implications for Older Adults

Cardiac Rehabilitation Benefits	Clinical/Functional Implication
Improved exercise capacity	Improved quality of life, independence in ADLs, reduction in overall mortality
Reduced symptom burden (chest pain, dyspnea, claudication, palpitations)	Improved quality of life, reduction in anxiety and depression, increased exercise tolerance
Improved cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, obesity, lipids, smoking cessation)	Reduced cardiovascular events and cardiovascular mortality
Improved management of noncardiac comorbidities (i.e. diabetes, COPD)	Reduced symptom burden Reduced morbidity Improved quality of life
Improved strength	Increased independence in ADLs Improved physical function
Improved balance	Decreased risk of falls
Improved mood (depression/anxiety)	Improved quality of life
Reduction in frailty burden	Increased independence and quality of life Reduction in morbidity and mortality
Reduction in sarcopenia	Increased muscle mass Reduced dependence on assistive devices
Improved cognition	Reduction in burden or delayed onset of memory loss, cognitive dysfunction
Increased self-efficacy	Improved quality of life and independence
Better medication monitoring	Decreased risk of adverse effects Better weight and blood pressure monitoring/control Reduction in symptom burden Improved exercise tolerance Improved adherence
Group socialization and support	Reduced loneliness and improved mental and physical health

ADLs- activities of daily living

Note: Table adapted from O’Neil Clin Geriatr Med 2019

^*This remains conceptual as there is a paucity of pertinent data. Relevant research is ongoing.