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. 2022 Mar 8;23(3):381–403. doi: 10.1007/s11864-021-00932-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — NK cell recognition of target cells. NK cell effector function is dependent on a balance of activating and inhibitory signals to distinguish between healthy cells (tolerance) and cancer or virally infected cells. The absence of MHC Class I ligand (missing self, observed with HLA downregulation or induced with KIR-ligand mismatch in HLA mismatched recipient/donor pairs) combined with upregulation of stress-induced activating receptor ligands leads to target recognition, NK cell activation, and cytotoxicity. Reproduced with permission from: Cooley S, Parham P, Miller JS. Strategies to activate NK cells to prevent relapse and induce remission following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2018;131(10):1053-62. doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-752170.