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. 2022 Mar 17;13:1413. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28744-4

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic illustration of synthetic protocols and radioprotective mechanisms of SP@AMF. I. SP protects AMF from gastric destruction. II-IV. SP@AMF gradually degrades and slowly releases AMF through the whole small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum). V. SP@AMF protects intestinal tissue from radiation-induced epithelial injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. VI. SP@AMF maintains the health of gut microbiota. b SP cultivated in medium and its lyophilized powder. c PBS suspension of the prepared SP@AMF and its bright-field microscope and SEM images. Scale bar = 20 µm. d Lyophilized powder of the mass prepared SP@AMF. The net weight of SP@AMF in the bottle is 7.331 grams. e Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of SP, AMF, and SP@AMF. f Drug loading efficiency (DLE) under various concentrations of AMF loading solution (n = 3 independent experiments). The data show means + SD. g Release profiles of AMF from SP@AMF in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) after being treated by simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 1 and 2 h. Untreated SP@AMF was used as control (n = 3 independent experiments). The data show means + SD. h pH values of the SGF supernatant containing different concentrations of SP@AMF (n = 3 independent experiments). The data show means + SD. P was calculated using two-tailed t-test.