Table 2.
Comparison of characteristics and biomarkers according to intrinsic capacity tertiles.
| Data values show M ±SD, or number (%) | Intrinsic capacity (IC) groups (n = 839) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| High IC (11–12) | Medium IC (9–10) | Low IC (0–8) | P -value | |
| Number | 367 | 257 | 215 | |
| Sex (female) | 140 (38.2%) | 120 (46.7%) | 120 (55.8%) | <0.01 |
| Age (year) | 61.7 ± 7.5 | 64.6 ± 8.9 | 72.2 ± 9.0 | <0.01 |
| <60 | 191 (52.0%) | 106 (41.2%) | 30 (14.0%) | |
| 60–64 | 70 (19.1%) | 35 (13.6%) | 13 (6.0%) | |
| 65–74 | 72 (19.6%) | 66 (25.7%) | 73 (34.0%) | |
| 75–84 | 30 (8.2%) | 45 (17.5%) | 79 (36.7%) | |
| ≧85 | 4 (1.1%) | 5 (2.0%) | 20 (9.3%) | |
| The level of education | <0.01 | |||
| No schooling | 24 (6.5%) | 41 (16.0%) | 68 (31.6%) | |
| Elementary | 161 (43.9%) | 114 (44.3%) | 92 (42.8%) | |
| Junior/senior high | 114 (31.1%) | 66 (25.7%) | 45 (20.9%) | |
| College/graduate school | 68 (18.5%) | 36 (14.0%) | 10 (4.7%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.33 | |||
| No | 300 (81.7%) | 201 (78.2%) | 183 (85.1%) | |
| Sometimes | 7 (1.9%) | 5 (2.0%) | 5 (2.3%) | |
| Frequently | 60 (16.4%) | 51 (19.8%) | 27 (12.6%) | |
| Comorbidities* (number) | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 3.2 ± 2.0 | <0.01 |
| Socioeconomic status | 4.7 ± 1.7 | 4.3 ± 1.8 | 4.1 ± 1.8 | <0.01 |
| INTRINSIC CAPACITY | ||||
| Locomotion | ||||
| Gait speed (m/s) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.8 ± 0.2 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
| Chair stand (s/5 stands) | 8.7 ± 2.2 | 10.5 ± 4.1 | 15.3 ± 5.3 | <0.01 |
| Sensory | ||||
| Visual acuity | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ±0.3 | <0.01 |
| Hearing loss | 1 (0.3%) | 5 (2.0%) | 17 (7.9%) | <0.01 |
| Vitality | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.4 ± 2.9 | 25.2 ± 3.5 | 25.4 ± 4.0 | <0.01 |
| Grip strength (kg) | ||||
| Male | 37.2 ± 7.2 | 33.1 ± 7.7 | 26.4 ± 8.3 | <0.01 |
| Female | 22.8 ± 5.3 | 22.1 ± 12.5 | 15.7 ± 5.9 | <0.01 |
| Psychological | ||||
| CES-D-10 (0–30) | 2.2 ± 2.5 | 4.4 ± 4.8 | 8.1 ± 6.7 | <0.01 |
| PSS-10 (0–40) | 7.8 ± 5.1 | 10.7 ± 6.5 | 11.4 ±7.2 | <0.01 |
| Cognition | ||||
| SPMSQ (0–10) | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 1.1 | <0.01 |
| MMSE (language and recall, 0–6) | 6.0 ± 0.0 | 6.0 ± 0.2 | 5.8 ± 0.6 | <0.01 |
| BIOMARKERS (N = 836) | ||||
| Cardiometabolic | ||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (n = 838) | 125.1 ± 18.8 | 129.0 ± 19.0 | 136.2 ± 21.6 | <0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) (n = 838) | 74.2 ± 10.1 | 72.9 ± 10.5 | 72.5 ± 11.1 | 0.13 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 200.1 ± 38.5 | 200.5± 38.1 | 198.1 ± 37.9 | 0.77 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 47.7 ± 14.1 | 48.9 ± 13.4 | 47.7 ± 13.9 | 0.49 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 111.5 ± 67.4 | 112.1 ± 72.5 | 119.5 ± 71.6 | 0.37 |
| Glycosylated hemoglobin (%) | 6.0 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 0.02 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 103.9 ± 25.9 | 108.4 ± 32.0 | 110.5 ± 35.3 | 0.03 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio (n = 838) | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | <0.01 |
| Homocysteine (μmol/L) (n = 828) | 11.2 ± 4.7 | 11.3 ± 4.6 | 13.2 ± 5.6 | <0.01 |
| Neuroendocrine | ||||
| DHEA-S (μg/dL) | 122.1 ± 75.9 | 114.6 ± 71.3 | 83.6 ± 60.0 | <0.01 |
| IGF-1 (nmol/L) | 162.6 ± 64.9 | 147.6 ± 60.0 | 133.9 ± 56.8 | 0.04 |
| Urine Cortisol (μg/g creatinine) (n = 813) | 17.9 ± 27.9 | 18.7 ± 20.1 | 23.0 ± 45.5 | 0.15 |
| Urine Epinephrine (μg/g creatinine) (n = 822) | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 3.9 ± 2.3 | 4.6 ± 2.9 | <0.01 |
| Urine Norepinephrine (μg/g creatinine) (n = 822) | 25.9 ± 12.2 | 27.5 ± 13.1 | 29.0 ± 16.4 | 0.03 |
| Urine Dopamine (μg/g creatinine) (n = 822) | 176.8 ± 66.0 | 184.1 ± 69.0 | 216.5 ± 623.6 | 0.34 |
| Inflammation and disease progression | ||||
| White blood cell count (109 /L) (n = 826) | 6.0 ± 1.7 | 6.1 ± 1.7 | 6.3 ± 1.8 | 0.04 |
| Neutrophils (%) (n = 827) | 57.0 ± 10.1 | 58.5 ± 9.3 | 58.9 ± 10.1 | 0.04 |
| Interleukin-6 (pg/mL) | 3.3 ± 6.8 | 3.3 ± 4.4 | 4.9 ± 7.6 | <0.01 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.6 | <0.01 |
| sICAM-1(ng/ml) | 254.2 ± 80.5 | 264.7 ± 84.9 | 291.6 ± 105.1 | <0.01 |
| Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 323.5 ± 61.5 | 330.0 ± 70.0 | 344.8 ± 70.3 | 0.01 |
| hsCRP (mg/dl) | 0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | 0.3 ± 0.7 | <0.01 |
| E-selectin (ng/mL) | 38.3 ± 26.4 | 43.2 ± 30.7 | 44.2 ± 27.0 | 0.02 |
| sIL-6R (ng/mL) | 41.1 ± 11.4 | 43.1 ± 12.4 | 43.4 ± 13.0 | 0.04 |
| Albumin (g/dL) | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | <0.01 |
| Folate (ng/mL) | 9.4 ± 6.1 | 9.2 ± 5.5 | 10.1 ± 9.8 | 0.30 |
| Allostatic load (0–12) (n= 797) | 3.6 ± 2.1 | 3.7 ± 2.2 | 4.5 ± 2.3 | <0.01 |
| GENETIC MARKERS | ||||
| APOE ε4 carrier (n = 835) | 49 (13.4%) | 37 (14.6%) | 38 (17.7%) | 0.37 |
| 5-HTTLPR (n = 826) | 0.63 | |||
| S/S | 167 (45.9%) | 116 (46.2%) | 93 (44.1%) | |
| S/L | 128 (35.2%) | 94 (37.5%) | 86 (40.8%) | |
| S/XL | 21 (5.8%) | 17 (6.8%) | 13 (6.2%) | |
| L/L or L/XL | 48 (13.2%) | 24 (9.6%) | 19 (9.0%) | |
CES-D-10, 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; PSS-10, 10-item Perceived Stress Scale; SPMSQ, Short Portable Mental State Questionnaire; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; DHEA-S, Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate; IGF-1, Insulin-like growth factor-1; sICAM-1, Soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1; hsCRP, high sensitivity C- reactive protein; sIL-6R, Soluble IL-6 receptor; APOE, Apolipoprotein E; 5-HTTLPR, The Serotonin Transporter Polymorphism.
*
Comorbidities = self-report physician diagnosed chronic conditions, including hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, pulmonary disease, gastric disease, liver disease, arthritis, kidney disease, gout, cataract, degenerative joint disease, spinal/vertebrae spur, and hip fracture.