Table 3.
Baseline clinical characteristics between C-CVE onset cases and no occurrence of C-CVE cases.
| No occurrence | C-CVE onset | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| of C-CVE | after | ||
| n = 28,669 | hospitalization | ||
| n = 385 | |||
| Age | |||
| Year, Median (IQR) | 71 [61, 80] | 76 [66, 83] | <0.001 |
| 18–64 (%) | 9,020 (31.5) | 83 (21.6) | <0.001 |
| 65–74 (%) | 8,002 (27.9) | 93 (24.2) | 0.109 |
| 75- (%) | 11,647 (40.6) | 209 (54.3) | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Female (%) | 18,250 (52.0) | 240 (45.1) | 0.002 |
| Body mass index (BMI) | |||
| Median (IQR) | 17.8 [16.3, 19.5] | 18.0 [16.5, 19.7] | 0.073 |
| −18.4 (%) | 16,512 (57.6) | 212 (55.1) | 0.258 |
| 18.5–24.9 (%) | 10,836 (37.8) | 153 (39.7) | 0.395 |
| 25.0- (%) | 142 (0.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.333 |
| Missing data | 1,179 (4.1) | 20 (5.2) | |
| Smoking | |||
| Brinkman index, Median (IQR) |
0.00 [0.00, 1.00] | 0.00 [0.00, 80.00] | 0.221 |
| Smoking history (%) | 6,401 (22.3) | 88 (22.9) | 0.003 |
| Missing data | 3,117 (10.9) | 63 (16.4) | |
| Length of hospital stay | |||
| Days, Median (IQR) | 8 [8, 13] | 12 [8, 22] | <0.001 |
| Types of herpes zoster | |||
| Central nervous system (%) | 8,920 (31.1) | 114 (29.6) | 0.543 |
| Disseminated (%) | 3,017 (10.5) | 34 (8.8) | 0.315 |
| Ophthalmicus (%) | 1,057 (3.7) | 12 (3.1) | 0.682 |
| Others (%) | 19,636 (68.5) | 269 (69.9) | 0.581 |
| Underlying diseases | |||
| No underlying disease (%) | 11,081 (38.7) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 |
| Malignant diseases | |||
| All malignancies (%) | 6,767 (23.6) | 115 (29.9) | 0.005 |
| Solid cancer (%) | 2,251 (7.9) | 32 (8.3) | 0.703 |
| Malignant lymphoma and hematopoietic malignancies (%) | 4,717 (16.5) | 87 (22.6) | 0.002 |
| Autoimmune diseases | |||
| Connective tissue diseases (CTD) (%) | 1,464 (5.1) | 28 (7.3) | 0.062 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis (%) | 745 (2.6) | 12 (3.1) | 0.517 |
| Systemic lupus erythematosus (%) | 273 (1.0) | 7 (1.8) | 0.104 |
| Systemic vasculitis (%) | 128 (0.4) | 4 (1.0) | 0.099 |
| Other CTD (%) | 419 (1.5) | 7 (1.8) | 0.518 |
| Demyelinating diseases (%) | 51 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | 0.501 |
| Immune disorder | |||
| Human immunodeficiency virus infection (%) | 75 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.629 |
| Transplanted organ and tissue status (%) | 273 (1.0) | 8 (2.1) | 0.035 |
| Immunodeficiencies (%) | 549 (1.9) | 4 (1.0) | 0.261 |
| Gastrointestinal and liver diseases | |||
| Inflammatory bowel diseases (%) | 96 (0.3) | 1 (0.3) | 1.000 |
| Autoimmune hepatitis (%) | 28 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Chronic viral hepatitis (%) | 400 (1.4) | 5 (1.3) | 1.000 |
| Liver cirrhosis and hepatic failure (%) | 32 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 0.356 |
| Renal diseases | |||
| Chronic kidney disease (%) | 592 (2.1) | 21 (5.5) | <0.001 |
| Glomerulonephritis (%) | 182 (0.6) | 2 (0.5) | 1.000 |
| Endocrine and metabolic diseases | |||
| Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4,741 (16.5) | 108 (28.1) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (%) | 3,007 (10.5) | 94 (24.4) | <0.001 |
| Hyperuricemia (%) | 1459 (5.1) | 50 (13.0) | <0.001 |
| Disorders of thyroid gland (%) | 47 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Respiratory diseases | |||
| Asthma (%) | 596 (2.1) | 14 (3.6) | 0.046 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (%) | 153 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) | 0.466 |
| Interstitial lung disease (%) | 298 (1.0) | 9 (2.3) | 0.022 |
| Cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases | |||
| Hypertension (HT) and HT related diseases (%) | 6,246 (21.8) | 162 (42.1) | <0.001 |
| Heart failure (%) | 1,256 (4.4) | 45 (11.7) | <0.001 |
| Chronic ischemic heart disease (%) | 183 (0.6) | 8 (2.1) | 0.004 |
| Sequelae of cerebrovascular disease (%) | 530 (1.8) | 13 (3.4) | 0.036 |
| Psychiatric diseases | |||
| Depressive disorder (%) | 933 (3.3) | 17 (4.4) | 0.194 |
| In-hospital Death (%) | 291 (1.0) | 16 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Breakdown of C-CVE | |||
| Post-hospitalization onset of CVD (%) | 176 (45.8) | ||
| Cerebral hemorrhage (%) | 39 (10.1) | ||
| Ischemic cerebrovascular diseases (%) | 118 (30.6) | ||
| Precerebral arteries (%) | 11 (2.9) | ||
| Cerebral arteries (%) | 16 (4.2) | ||
| Unexplained (%) | 91 (23.6) | ||
| Other CVDs (%) | 23 (6.0) | ||
| Post-hospitalization onset of IHD (%) | 213 (55.3) | ||
| Anti-herpes zoster treatment | |||
| Prescription days of antivirals, days, Median (IQR) | 8 [7, 8] | 8 [7, 12] | <0.001 |
| Oral drug monotherapy (%) | 5,853 (20.4) | 104 (27.0) | 0.002 |
| Acyclovir (ACV) (%) | 3,137 (10.9) | 65 (16.9) | 0.001 |
| Valaciclovir (VCV) (%) | 2,266 (7.9) | 33 (8.6) | 0.634 |
| Famciclovir (FCV) (%) | 324 (1.1) | 4 (1.0) | 1.000 |
| Amenamevir (ANV) (%) | 26 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
| Intravenous monotherapy (%) | 20,807 (72.6) | 254 (66.0) | 0.005 |
| ACV (%) | 21,095 (73.6) | 254 (66.0) | 0.001 |
| Combination of oral and intravenous drugs (%) | 2,009 (7.0) | 27 (7.0) | 1.000 |
| ACV and ACV (%) | 205 (0.7) | 4 (1.0) | 0.362 |
| VCV and ACV (%) | 988 (3.4) | 12 (3.1) | 0.888 |
| FCV and ACV (%) | 290 (1.0) | 2 (0.5) | 0.600 |
| ANV and ACV (%) | 26 (0.1) | 1 (0.3) | 0.303 |
| Medications administered during hospitalization | |||
| Glucocorticoids (%) | 9,380 (32.7) | 170 (44.2) | <0.001 |
| Albumin preparations (%) | 238 (0.8) | 7 (1.8) | 0.046 |
| Globulin preparations (%) | 619 (2.2) | 13 (3.4) | 0.111 |
| Prescription at discharge for post herpetic neuralgia | |||
| Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (%) | 5,525 (19.3) | 66 (17.1) | 0.329 |
| Voltage-gated Ca2+ channel α 2 δ ligand (%) | 6,401 (22.3) | 69 (17.9) | 0.042 |
| Weak opioids (%) | 2,316 (8.1) | 34 (8.8) | 0.572 |
| Strong opioids (%) | 271 (0.9) | 8 (2.1) | 0.033 |
| Serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (%) | 244 (0.9) | 7 (1.8) | 0.051 |
| Tricyclic antidepressant (%) | 651 (2.3) | 8 (2.1) | 1.000 |
| Antiarrhythmic drugs (%) | 38 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 |
ACV, acyclovir; ANV, Amenamevir; BMI, Body mass index; C-CVE, Cerebro-cardiovascular events; cIHD, Chronic ischemic heart disease; CTD, Connective tissue diseases; CVD, Cerebrovascular disease; FCV, Famciclovir; HT, Hypertension; HZ, Herpes zoster; IHD, Ischemic heart disease; VCV, Valaciclovir; VDB, Vidarabine.
The Mann Whitney test, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact test were used when appropriate to compare the groups.