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. 2022 Mar 4;13:841918. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.841918

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Copyright © 2022 Zhou, Wang, Ji, Zhang, Ma, Ma, Ma, Jiang, Du, Zhang and Chen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Fluorescence microscope observation after propidium iodide (PI) staining and bacterial morphology after exposure to vanillin and its derivatives. Observation (20×) after 4% paraformaldehyde fixation and stain (marked as “killed” on the first row). Observation (20×) after Euglena gracilis (EG) medium, vanillin, IPM711, IPM712, and penicillin–streptomycin treatments (the second row). Observation (40×) after treatment (the third row) (A). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation after EG medium, vanillin, IPM711, and IPM 712 treatments (B).