TABLE 1.
PPAR subtypes, chromosome location, expression site, and their functions in kidney diseases.
| Subtype | Chromosome | Site of expression in renal | Functions |
|---|---|---|---|
| PPARα | 3 | Proximal tubules | Increase fatty acid oxidation |
| Anti-inflammation | |||
| Medullary thick ascending limbs | Anti-apoptosis | ||
| Anti-necrosis | |||
| Podocytes | Attenuate albuminuria | ||
| Improve insulin resistance | |||
| Glomerular mesangial cells | Against oxidative stress | ||
| Against glomerular and tubulointerstitial fibrosis | |||
| PPARβ | 22 | Glomerular mesangial cells | Increase fatty acid oxidation |
| Proximal tubule of the cortex and medulla | Anti-inflammation | ||
| Stromal cells | Against oxidative stress | ||
| Immune compatibility | |||
| PPARγ | 6 | Distal medullary collecting ducts | Fatty acid oxidation |
| Increase glucose metabolism | |||
| Proximal and distal tubules | Decrease insulin resistance | ||
| Anti-inflammation | |||
| Glomerular mesangial cells | Anti-apoptosis | ||
| Antioxidant | |||
| Podocytes | Activate autophagy | ||
| Against tubulointerstitial fibrosis | |||
| Renal vasculature | Regulate immune system |