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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021 Sep 28;131:847–864. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.050

Figure 3. Effects of biological and environmental factors on incubation of drug craving.

Figure 3.

Graphic overview of brain regions and molecular mechanisms underlying biological (top box) and environmental (bottom box) factors that exacerbate (Chen et al., 2015; Munshi et al., 2021; Nicolas et al., 2019; Venniro et al., 2017a) or attenuate (Chen et al., 2015; Doherty et al., 2013; Gyawali et al., 2021; Li et al., 2018a; Thiel et al., 2012; Thiel et al., 2010; Venniro et al., 2018) incubation of drug craving. Pink and green balls indicated causal and correlational findings, respectively. Abbreviations: Arc, activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein; BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; meth, methamphetamine; CM- based, contingency management based voluntary abstinence; EE; environmental enrichment; pERK, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase; mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex; HIPP, hippocampus; NAc, nucleus accumbens, AIV, anterior ventral insular cortex; AMY, amygdala; BNST, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis; SR, sleep restriction; CP-AMPARs, calcium permeable AMPA receptors; CRFr1, CRF receptor 1.