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. 2022 Mar 3;6(3):e34032. doi: 10.2196/34032

Table 6.

Contrasts and between-group (intervention versus control) effect size calculations from linear mixed-effects models (LMMs) applied to each secondary outcome for both intention-to-treat (ITT) and subgroup analyses.

Outcome Estimatea (SE; 95% CI) P value Hedges g (95% CI)


LMMb Tukey adjustedc ITT Subgroup
PSSd,e

t1f minus t0g


CSh 1.38 (0.83; −0.57 to 3.33) .10 .34 0.24 (−0.05 to 0.53) 0.29 (−0.08 to 0.66)


WWi 2.54 (0.82; 0.93 to 4.16) .002 .01 0.45 (0.16 to 0.74) 0.66 (0.28 to 1.04)


BRj 2.59 (0.82; 0.97 to 4.21) .002 .009 0.45 (0.17 to 0.74) 0.47 (0.10 to 0.84)


Allk 2.18 (0.67; 0.86 to 3.50) .001 .004 0.38 (0.18 to 0.58) 0.47 (0.21 to 0.73)

t2l minus t0


CS 1.52 (0.83; −0.11 to 3.16) .07 .26 0.27 (−0.02 to 0.56) 0.41 (0.04 to 0.78)


WW 2.18 (0.83; 0.55 to 3.80) .009 .04 0.38 (0.09 to 0.67) 0.64 (0.26 to 1.02)


BR 2.34 (0.84; 0.70 to 3.98) .005 .03 0.40 (0.12 to 0.69) 0.53 (0.16 to 0.90)


All 2.02 (0.68; 0.69 to 3.34) .003 .008 0.35 (0.15 to 0.55) 0.52 (0.26 to 0.78)
GAD-7m,n

t0 minus t1


CS 0.55 (0.59; −0.61 to 1.71) .35 .79 0.14 (−0.15 to 0.42) 0.29 (−0.09 to 0.66)


WW 1.32 (0.59; 0.17 to 2.48) .02 .11 0.33 (0.04 to 0.61) 0.46 (0.09 to 0.84)


BR 1.21 (0.59; 0.06 to 2.36) .04 .17 0.30 (0.01 to 0.58) 0.41 (0.04 to 0.78)


All 1.03 (0.48; 0.09 to 1.97) .03 .08 0.25 (0.05 to 0.46) 0.39 (0.12 to 0.65)

t0 minus t2


CS 1.23 (0.59; 0.06 to 2.40) .04 .16 0.30 (0.01 to 0.59) 0.49 (0.11 to 0.88)


WW 1.48 (0.59; 0.33 to 2.64) .01 .06 0.36 (0.08 to 0.65) 0.64 (0.25 to 1.02)


BR 1.64 (0.60; 0.47 to 2.81) .006 .03 0.40 (0.11 to 0.68) 0.58 (0.20 to 0.96)


All 1.45 (0.48; 0.51 to 2.40) .003 .008 0.35 (0.15 to 0.56) 0.57 (0.30 to 0.84)
PHQ-8o,p

t0 minus t1


CS 1.51 (0.59; 0.34 to 2.67) .01 .06 0.37 (0.08 to 0.66) 0.47 (0.08 to 0.85)


WW 2.25 (0.59; 1.09 to 3.41) <.001 .001 0.55 (0.26 to 0.84) 0.70 (0.32 to 1.09)


BR 1.57 (0.59; 0.41 to 2.73) .008 .04 0.38 (0.10 to 0.67) 0.46 (0.08 to 0.83)


All 1.78 (0.48; 0.83 to 2.72) <.001 <.001 0.43 (0.23 to 0.64) 0.54 (0.28 to 0.81)

t0 minus t2


CS 1.56 (0.60; 0.39 to 2.74) .009 .045 0.38 (0.09 to 0.67) 0.57 (0.19 to 0.96)


WW 1.72 (0.59; 0.56 to 2.89) .004 .02 0.42 (0.13 to 0.71) 0.62 (0.24 to 1.00)


BR 1.44 (0.60; 0.27 to 2.62) .02 .08 0.35 (0.06 to 0.63) 0.46 (0.09 to 0.84)


All 1.58 (0.49; 0.63 to 2.53) .001 .003 0.38 (0.18 to 0.59) 0.55 (0.28 to 0.82)
BRSq,r

t0 minus t1


CS 0.87 (0.52; −0.15 to 1.90) .10 .34 0.24 (−0.05 to 0.53) 0.35 (0.16 to 0.85)


WW 1.18 (0.52; 0.16 to 2.19) .02 .11 0.33 (0.04 to 0.62) 0.66 (0.19 to 1.13)


BR 0.94 (0.52; −0.08 to 1.96) .07 .27 0.26 (−0.02 to 0.55) 0.44 (−0.06 to 0.93)


All 1.00 (0.42; 0.17 to 1.83) .02 .049 0.28 (0.08 to 0.48) 0.50 (0.16 to 0.83)

t0 minus t2


CS 0.86 (0.53; −0.17 to 1.89) .10 .36 0.24 (−0.05 to 0.53) 0.18 (−0.32 to 0.68)


WW 1.04 (0.52; 0.01 to 2.06) .047 .19 0.29 (0.00 to 0.58) 0.47 (0.00 to 0.94)


BR 1.43 (0.53; 0.40 to 2.47) .006 .03 0.39 (0.11 to 0.68) 0.38 (−0.11 to 0.87)


All 1.11 (0.43; 0.27 to 1.94) .01 .03 0.30 (0.10 to 0.51) 0.36 (0.02 to 0.69)

aContrast estimates from LMMs.

bP value from LMM (group×time interaction terms).

cP value following Tukey adjustment for all pairwise comparisons (only comparisons of interest are shown).

dPSS: Perceived Stress Scale.

eSample size for ITT analyses n=383; sample size for subgroup analyses n=236.

ft1: time point 1.

gt0: time point 0.

hCS: combatting stress.

iWW: working with worry.

jBR: building resilience.

kPooled effect of all intervention arms.

lt2: time point 2.

mGAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7.

nSample size for ITT analyses n=383; sample size for subgroup analyses n=227.

oPHQ-8: Patient Health Questionnaire-8.

pSample size for ITT analyses n=383; sample size for subgroup analyses n=229.

qBRS: Brief Resilience Scale.

rSample size for ITT analyses n=383; sample size for subgroup analyses n=142.