Table 1.
Descriptive analysis of the characteristics of participants according to MD adherence.
| All patients | Optimal adherence to MD* | Suboptimal adherence to MD | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 97 | 51 | 46 | - |
| Clinical parameter | ||||
| Sex (Male) [n (%)] | 53 (54.6%) | 27 (52.8%) | 26 (56.5%) | 0.82 |
| Age (years) | 11.4 ± 8.04 | 11.2 ± 8.3 | 11.7 ± 10.1 | 0.61 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 20.2 ± 3.7 | 20.16 ± 3.5 | 20.4 ± 4.4 | 0.85 |
| BMI (z-score) | 0.45 ± 1.03 | 0.33 ± 0.97 | 0.57 ± 1.08 | 0.28 |
| Obesity [n (%)] | 6 (6.1%) | 2 (4%) | 4 (8.6%) | 0.41 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 107.4 ± 0.17 | 107 ± 0.1 | 107.6 ± 0.29 | 0.248 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 68.2 ± 0.58 | 69 ± 0.53 | 67.5 ± 0.65 | 0.374 |
| Tanner stage [n (%)] | ||||
| I | 35 (36.1%) | 19 (37%) | 16 (34.8%) | 0.10 |
| II | 9 (9.3%) | 7 (13.7%) | 2 (4.3%) | |
| III | 12 (12.4%) | 8 (15.7%) | 4 (8.7%) | |
| IV | 9 (9.3%) | 6 (11.8%) | 3 (6.5%) | |
| V | 32 (33%) | 11 (21.6%) | 21 (45.6%) | |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 5.9 ± 5 | 5.1 ± 3.3 | 6.8 ± 6 | 0.16 |
| Insulin therapy [n (%)] | ||||
| MDI [n (%)] | 71 (73.1%) | 38 (72.5%) | 34 (74%) | 0.59 |
| CSII [n (%)] | 26 (26.9%) | 14 (27.5%) | 12 (26%) | 0.612 |
| Total daily Insulin (UI/kg/day) | 0.704 ± 0.54 | 0.69 ± 0.48 | 0.72 ± 0.50 | 0.372 |
| AGP parameters | ||||
| TIR (%) | 56.4 ± 16.3 | 60.4 ± 15.7 | 52.1 ± 16.02 | 0.023 |
| TIR >70% [n (%)] | 17 (21.3%) | 11 (26.2%) | 6 (15.8%) | 0.11 |
| TAR (%) | 39.3 ± 16.7 | 36.8 ± 15.8 | 42.8 ± 17.4 | 0.11 |
| TBR (%) | 3.3 ± 3 | 2.7 ± 3 | 4 ± 4.3 | 0.127 |
| VC (%) | 35.6 ± 6.4 | 36.5 ± 5.7 | 34.6 ± 7.1 | 0.24 |
| MBG (mg/dl) | 170 ± 25.2 | 157 ± 20.3 | 174 ± 29.5 | 0.10 |
| HbA1c (mmol/L) | 9.21 ± 1.62 | 8.89 ± 1.10 | 9.68 ± 2.04 | 0.005 |
| HbA1C (%) | 7.4 ± 0.81 | 7.2 ± 0.55 | 7.7 ± 0.97 | 0.005 |
| HbA1c <7.5% [n (%)] | 53 (54.6%) | 33 (64.7%) | 20 (43.5%) | 0.029 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 169 ± 23 | 167.5 ± 23.91 | 172 ± 22.2 | 0.29 |
| LDL-c (mg/dl) | 96.8 ± 19.1 | 94.7 ± 19.4 | 98.7 ± 11.8 | 0.24 |
| HDL-c (mg/dl) | 60 ± 12.4 | 60.6 ± 11.86 | 59.5 ± 13.1 | 0.64 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 65 ± 19.9 | 63.02 ± 15.7 | 68.8 ± 23.08 | 0.35 |
| KIDMED score | 7.04 ± 2.03 | 9 ± 1.09 | 5.6 ± 1.19 | <0.001 |
| KIDMED-score <5 [n (%)] | 7 (7.2%) | 0 (0%) | 7 (7.2%) | <0.001 |
| KIDMED score 5–7 [n (%)] | 39 (40.2%) | 0 (0%) | 39 (40.2%) | |
| KIDMED score ≥ 8 [n (%)] | 51 (52.6%) | 51 (52.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
*
Optimal KIDMED score was defined by a value ≥ 8. Values are expressed as Mean ± Standard deviation, unless otherwise stated. BMI, body mass-index; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; Hb1Ac, glycated hemoglobin; T1D, Type 1 diabetes; TAR, Time above range; TIR, Time in range; MDI, Multiple Daily Injections; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; AGP, Ambulatory Glucose Profile; VC, variation coefficient; MBG, mean blood glucose; MD, Mediterranean diet.