Figure 1.

Overview of the EV isolation process from Arabidopsis. (A) Initial steps to isolate apoplastic washing fluid (AWF) from the detached leaves of Arabidopsis. Rosette leaves were collected from Arabidopsis and the leaf blades were isolated using a razor blade. The leaves were placed into a syringe and carefully vacuum infiltrated with infiltration buffer before being arranged on a piece of clear tape and wrapped around a syringe. The taped leaves were then placed into a 50 mL conical tube and the AWF was collected after centrifugation at 900xg. (B) EVs are collected from AWF using differential ultracentrifugation. Cellular debris and large vesicles are removed through 2,000xg, 0.45 μm filtration, and 10,000xg steps to produce the clean AWF. The clean AWF is then centrifuged at 100,000xg to obtain the isolated EVs.