Table 1.
Baseline Cohort Characteristics by BAC Absence/Presence Status (n=5,059).
| BAC = 0 mg n = 3,721 (73.5%) |
BAC > 0 mg n = 1,338 (26.5%) |
p‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.2 ± 4.2 | 67.1 ±4.8 | <.0001 |
| Ethnicity | <.0001 | ||
| White | 1,898 (51.0%) | 778 (58.2%) | |
| Black | 587 (15.8%) | 173 (12.9%) | |
| Hispanic/Latina | 431 (11.6%) | 188 (14.1%) | |
| Asian | 746 (20.1%) | 183 (13.7%) | |
| Other or Unknown race | 59 (1.6%) | 15 (1.2%) | |
| Educational attainment | 0.003 | ||
| Less than completed high school or GED | 133 (3.6%) | 62 (4.6%) | |
| Completed high school or GED | 665 (17.9%) | 280 (20.9%) | |
| At least some college/completed college | 1,828 (49.1%) | 658 (49.2%) | |
| Graduate school or professional degree | 1,095 (29.4%) | 338 (25.3%) | |
| Smoking status | 0.76 | ||
| Never | 2,338 (62.8%) | 834 (62.3%) | |
| Former | 1,234 (33.2%) | 455 (34.0%) | |
| Current | 149 (4.0%) | 49 (3.7%) | |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | 27.7 ± 6.1 | 27.8 ±6.0 | 0.57 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 207 ± 37 | 207 ± 39 | 0.78 |
| LDL-C (mg/dL) | 121 ± 32 | 120 ± 33 | 0.40 |
| HDL-C (mg/dL) | 65 ± 16 | 66 ± 17 | 0.02 |
| Glycemic status* | 0.02 | ||
| Normoglycemia | 1,921 (51.6%) | 637 (47.6%) | |
| Prediabetes | 1,347 (36.2%) | 509 (38.0%) | |
| Diabetes diagnosis or treatment | 453 (12.2%) | 192 (14.4%) | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 123 ± 16 | 124 ± 15 | 0.01 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 69 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 | 0.16 |
| On antihypertensive medication | 0.0002 | ||
| No | 2,311 (62.1%) | 753 (56.3%) | |
| Yes | 1,410 (37.9%) | 585 (43.7%) | |
| Hypertension† | 0.0009 | ||
| No | 1,680 (45.2%) | 534 (39.9%) | |
| Yes | 2,041 (54.9%) | 804 (60.1%) | |
| On cholesterol lowering drugs | 0.11 | ||
| No | 1,016 (27.3%) | 335 (25.0%) | |
| Yes | 2,705 (72.7%) | 1003 (75.0%) | |
| Menarche (years) | 0.15 | ||
| < 12 | 735 (19.8%) | 298 (22.3%) | |
| 12–13 | 1,948 (52.4%) | 685 (51.2%) | |
| ≥ 14 | 974 (26.2%) | 336 (25.2%) | |
| Missing | 64 (1.7%) | 19 (1.4%) | |
| Early menopause | 0.46 | ||
| No | 3,106 (83.5%) | 1,105 (82.6%) | |
| Yes | 615 (16.5%) | 233 (17.4%) | |
| Menopausal hormone therapy | 0.06 | ||
| No | 3,289 (88.4%) | 1,208 (90.3%) | |
| Yes | 425 (11.4%) | 128 (9.6%) | |
| Missing | 7 (0.2%) | 2 (0.2%) | |
| History of breast feeding‡ | 0.25 | ||
| No | 523 (14.1%) | 248 (18.5%) | |
| Yes | 1,711 (46.0%) | 732 (54.7%) | |
| Missing | 1,487 (40.0%) | 358 (26.8%) | |
| Number of live births | <.0001 | ||
| 0 | 1,650 (44.3%) | 448 (33.5%) | |
| 1–2 | 1,404 (37.8%) | 461 (34.5%) | |
| ≥ 3 | 667 (17.9%) | 429 (32.1%) | |
| Parental history of premature CAD | 0.18 | ||
| No | 3,521 (94.6%) | 1,253 (93.7%) | |
| Yes | 200 (5.4%) | 85 (6.4%) | |
| Untransformed BAC score (mg) | 0 | 11.6 ± 23.2 | <.0001 |
| Log (BAC+1) | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 1.66 ± 1.3 | <.0001 |
| Pooled Cohorts 10-year ASCVD Risk | <.0001 | ||
| < 5% | 1,343 (36.1%) | 343 (25.6%) | |
| 5% to < 7.5% | 852 (22.9%) | 272 (20.3%) | |
| 7.5 to < 20% | 1,323 (35.6%) | 561 (41.9%) | |
| ≥ 20% | 203 (5.5%) | 162 (12.1%) |
Normoglycemia: no self-report and HbA1c ≤ 5.7% and no self-report of treatment and fasting glucose < 100; prediabetes: no self-report and HbA1c > 5.7 but ≤ 6.5% and no self-report of treatment and fasting glucose >= 100 and < 126; diabetes diagnosis or treatment: self-report or HbA1c > 6.5% or fasting glucose >= 126 or self-report of treatment
self-report of diagnosis of hypertension or self-report of treatment for hypertension or SBP > 140 mmHg or DBP > 90 mmHg; ‡ ANOVA or Chi-square
p-value calculated after excluding those with missing values.
BAC: breast arterial calcification; GED: general education diploma; BMI: body mass index; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; CAD: coronary artery disease; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.