Table 1. Summary of the pathogenesis of molecular factors that are related to environmental factors such as diet and physical activity.

INTERVENTIONS	FACTORS	MOLECULE	MECHANISM OF ACTION		AUTHOR
Physical activity	Inflammation	IL2	↑	Innate immunity boosts	Thomas et al. 2017 (7)
		CRP	↑	Innate immunity boosts
		IL6	↓	Inhibits caspases, antiproliferative
		TNF	↓	Inhibits caspases, antiproliferative
	Hormonal pathway modifiers	IGF-1	↓	Modification of hormonal pathways
		IGFBP3	↑	Modification of hormonal pathways
	Hormones	VIP	↓	Modifies androgenic resistance and cell proliferation
		Irisin	↑	Modify bioavailability
		Testosterone	↓ or ↑ or —	Modify bioavailability
		Leptin	↓ or ↑ or —	Modifies cell proliferation
	DNA	TMPRSS2: ERG	↓	Modify fusion	Pernar et al. 2019 (6)
		CRACR2A	Methylation	Modify expression	Dai et al. 2019 (8)
Diet	Carbohydrates	IGF-1 ↑	↑	Hyperinsulinemia, tumor development	Masko et al. 2013 (15)
	Proteins	Phytoestrogens	↓	Block in estrogen receptors	Hwang et al. 2009 (22)
		Heterocyclic amines	↑	Genomic instability	Koutros et al. 2008 (20)
	Fats	Omega 3	↓	Antiproliferative, antiangiogenic	Williams et al. 2011 (29)
	Vegetables	Isothiocyanates	↓	Block estrogen receptors	Gaziano et al. 2009 (36)
	Vitamins	Vitamin B	↓	Folate depletion	Tomaszewski et al. 2011 (35)
		Vitamin C	↓	Antioxidant	Gaziano et al. 2009 (36)
		Vitamin A	↑	Cell proliferation	Gaziano et al. 2009 (36)
	Phytochemicals	Epigallocatechin	↓	Antiproliferatives	Masko et al. 2013 (15)
		NF-kB	↓	Proapoptotic pathways	Masko et al. 2013 (15)
		Coffee	↓	Antioxidant	Xia et al. 2017 (42)
		Nuts	↓	Antioxidant	Pascual et al. 2018 (49)

^*↑: Increase activity; - no change ↓: Decrease activity IL: Interleukin; CRP: C-reactive protein; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; Insulin-like growth factor binding-protein-3 (IGFBP-3); VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide; TMPRSS2/ERG: gen fusion of Transmembrane protease serine 2 and ERG gen; CRACR2A: Ca²⁺ release-activated Ca²⁺ channel regulator 2A; NF-kB: nuclear factor kB.