Table 2. Summary with reviews that support intervention by food groups, discriminated by author, type of study, and intervention.

FOOD GROUP	AUTHOR	TYPE OF STUDY	FINDINGS
Carbohydrates	Fabiani et al. 2016 (16)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	Twelve observational studies were included. Patterns of "healthy diet" versus "Western diet" were compared in the risk of PCa. The Western diet increased the risk of PCa (OR 1.34). Also, a carbohydrate pattern was associated with increased risk (OR 1.64).
	Jayedi et al. 2018 (17)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	Twelve thousand four hundred ninety-four cases of PCa were included. The association between fasting glucose levels and the risk of PCa was determined. Increases in fasting glucose were not associated with an increased risk of PCa when comparing the category of high versus low levels (RR 0.88)
	Masko et al. 2013 (15)	Review	Studies of ketogenic non-carbohydrate diets showed a decrease in tumor growth in animal models. Low-carb diets (20%) showed similar tumor and survival growth rates. Human studies on the effect of restricting carbohydrates on PCa are lacking.
	Karlin et al. 2017 (18)	Case-control	They included 276 cases (patients with PCa and DM), 276 controls (patients with PCa without DM). Survival 5 years was 88% and 93% in patients with and without DM (HR 1.64). DM did not impact survival or PCa, and its treatment affected glycemic control.
Proteins	Cross et al. 2005 (19)	Prospective cohort	Cooking red meats can lead to the formation of heterocyclic amines, which are mutagenic compounds that are generated when creatine, amino acids, and sugars are subjected to high temperatures. These compounds can trigger genomic instability from direct DNA damage. More than 10 g a day of cooked meat than not consuming it was associated with an increased risk of PCa 1.4 times. One of the heterocyclic amines was associated with an increased risk of PCa of 1.2 times.
	Koutros et al. 2008 (20)	Prospective cohort	Six hundred sixty-eight patients with PCa (140 advanced) were included. Total meat consumption was associated with an increased risk of 1.26 times the incidence of PCa and 1.97 times the risk of advanced PCa when comparing the highest with the lowest consumption.
	Szymanski et al. 2010 (21)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	There was no association between fish consumption and reduced incidence of PCa. An association was found between fish consumption and a significant reduction of up to 63% in specific PCa mortality (RR 0.37).
	Hwang et al 2009 (22); Applegate et al 2018 (23)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	Soy contains high amounts of phytoestrogens, which can block the estrogen receptor, decrease proliferation, and increase cell differentiation, impacting PCa prevention. There is a significant association between soy consumption with a lower risk of PCa.
	Lu et al. 2016 (25)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	The partnership between dairy consumption and PCa mortality was assessed. An RR of 1.50 was found for whole milk. Increased whole milk consumption showed a high risk of prostate cancer mortality (RR1.43) in dose-response form.
Fats	Strom et al. 2008 (26)	Retrospective cohort	The association between saturated fat consumption and PCa biochemical relapse was assessed. Patients with high consumption had more relapse (p=0.006) and had shorter relapse-free survival than patients with low consumption of saturated fats (26.6 vs. 44.7 months, respectively, p=0.002).
	Gathirua-Mwangi and Zhang 2014 (27)	Systematic review	Studies have shown that consuming saturated fats has been significantly associated with an increased risk of advanced PCa.
	Berquin et al. 2011 (28)	Review	The increased proportion of unsaturated omega-6 fats versus omega-3s has been associated with an increased risk of PCa. Arachidonic acid is converted into other compounds that promote inflammation and cell growth. At the same time, omega-3 has anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antiangiogenic, and proapoptotic effects, which place it as an excellent anti-tumor molecule.
Vegetables	Liu et al. 2012 (33)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	The association between consumption of cruciferous vegetables, such as broccoli or cauliflower, and the risk of PCa was assessed. A significant decrease in the risk of PCa (relative risk 0.90) was found.
	Wang et al. 2006 (32)	In vitro	The effect of phenethyl isothiocyanate on the regulation of androgen receptor expression in PCa cells was studied. Cell growth was stopped, and androgen receptor expression decreased, mediating transcriptional and post-translational effects.
	Chan et al. 2009 (34)	Review	Vegetables of the genus allium, such as onion or garlic, can stimulate the immune system, inhibit cell growth, modulate the expression of androgen-responding genes and induce apoptosis so that they would play a protective role against PCa. However, their role in reducing the risk of PCa remains to be determined.
Vitamins and minerals	Masko et al. 2013 (15)	Review	Excessive vitamin A consumption has been associated with an increased risk of developing aggressive PCa, but not with the disease.
	Tomaszewski et al. 2011 (35)	In vitro	The level of serum folate and prostate tissue was evaluated and compared with cell proliferation. Serum folate levels correlated positively with folate content in tumor prostate tissue (p<0.03). Increased cell proliferation was found in patients with higher serum folate levels consistent with a higher incidence of PCa in patients receiving supplementation.
	Gaziano et al. 2009 (36)	Clinical trial	Compared with placebo, Vitamin E did not affect the incidence of PCa (HR 0.97; 0.58). Nor was a significant effect of vitamin C found in PCa (HR 1.02; px0.80).
	Gilbert et al. 2011 (37)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	In prospective studies, the OR for an increase of 1000 IU in daily intake was 1.14 for total PCa and 0.93 for aggressive PCa, and low vitamin D consumption could be associated with an increased risk of lethal PCa, no significant association with risk or its role in prevention or progression has been demonstrated.
	Klein et al. 2011 (38)	Clinical trial	The long-term effect of vitamin E supplementation on the risk of PCa was sought. The vitamin E group was at increased risk of developing PCa (HR 1.17; 0.008).
	Nimptsch et al. 2008 (39)	Prospective cohort	A non-significant inverse association between vitamin K consumption and PCa (relative risk 0.65) was observed. The association was stronger for the advanced PCa (relative risk 0.37, p for the trend 0.03).
	Stratton et al. 2011 (40)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	The use of multivitamin supplements, individual supplementation with vitamins or minerals did not affect PCa or the incidence of advanced or metastatic PCa or death by PCa.
Phytochemicals	Xia et al. 2017 (42)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	Consumption of coffee could reduce the risk of localized PCa (RR = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.84-0.97).
	Masko et al. 2013 (15)	Review	Epigallocatechin-gallate is the most abundant phytochemical of green tea. It has been described as reducing tumor growth in PCa, among other mechanisms such as induction of proapoptotic pathways, decreased inflammation through NF-kB, antioxidant properties. Its consumption could be associated with a lower incidence of PCa and a lower progression of precancerous lesions in dose-dependent form.
	Rowles et al. 2018 (45)	Systematic review and meta-analysis	A reduction in PCa incident risk was associated with high consumption of tomato and lycopene, a phytochemical of the carotenoid family, with antioxidant properties. The increase in tomato consumption was found to be inversely associated with the risk of PCa (RR 0.81, p=0.001), and a significant dose-response association was found.