Table 3.
The uPAR-targeted PDT/PTT platforms
| uPAR-targeted PDT/PTT platform | Target | Photosensitizer and drug | Imaging | Effect | References, year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AuS-U11 for confocal laser endomicroscopy-guided PTT/ PDT | U11 peptide (uPAR) | PTT-carrier gold nanocluster, CRQAGFSL-5-ALA, CRQAGFSL-Cy5.5 | Fluorescence images (enzyme-triggered release of NIR fluorescent dye Cy5.5) | Better synergistic therapeutic effects as well as the reduced side effects in normal pancreas tissue (human pancreatic tumour cell line PANC1-CSTE and its orthotopic tumour model) | [172], 2017 |
| hATF-HSA:CPZ | hATF (uPAR) | CPZ | FMT imaging (CPZ, 0.08 μmol/kg or 0.05 mg/kg) | A significant reduced tumour growth rate (H22 tumour-bearing Kunming mice model) | [175], 2014 |
| mATF-HSA:CPZ | mATF (uPAR) | CPZ | FMT imaging (CPZ, 0.05 mg/kg) | A higher tumour killing efficacy than hATF-HSA:CPZ (H22 tumour-bearing mouse model) | [176], 2015 |
| ATF-HSA: CPZ@RRNP | ATF (uPAR) | CPZ-loaded receptor-responsive nanoparticles | FMT imaging (CPZ, 0.05 mg/kg) | Higher uptake and cytotoxicity (H1299 lung cancer cells), higher tumour accumulation and better antitumour effect (H22 tumour-bearing mice), lower CPZ concentration (liver, kidney, spleen, lung, and heart) | [177], 2019 |
| ATF-ZnPc | ATF (uPAR) | ZnPc | FMT imaging (ATF-ZnPc, 0.4 μmol/kg) | Potent PDT activities and enhanced antitumour activity (U937 and H1299 cells and H22 tumour-bearing mice) | [178], 2014 |
| GNS@Ir@P-AE105 | AE105 (uPAR) | GNS, Ir complex | PT/PA/X-ray CT trimodal imaging | Combinational photothermal-chemotherapeutic efficiency against TNBC via a ROS-induced p53 apoptotic pathway | [179], 2020 |
| Cisplatin-AuNRs@SiO2-Avastin@PEI/AE105 | AE105 (uPAR) | Gold nanorod mesoporous silica heterostructure, cisplatin, Avastin | Photothermal imaging (3 mg/kg) | Photodynamic activity via induction of ROS overproduction-mediated cell apoptosis, suppresses HeLa tumour growth and angiogenesis | [180], 2019 |
| Cu2−xS-RB@DMSN-AE105 | AE105 (uPAR) | Cu2−xS NPs, Rose Bengal | Infrared thermal imaging | Synergetic PTT/SDT nanotherapeutics against the OSCC both in vitro and in vivo, a prominent tumour inhibition rate of 103.4% | [181], 2020 |
| uIGNs | Anti-uPAR antibody | ICG modifed gold nanoshells | CT and optical imaging (bioluminescence imaging and fluorescence imaging) | 25% higher median survival rate of IPTT and complete tumour ablation by one-time intervention, inhibit pancreatic tumour metastasis | [182], 2017 |
PDT photodynamic therapy, PTT photothermal therapy, 5-ALA 5-aminolevulinic acid, Cy5.5 cyanine 5.5, HSA human serum albumin, CPZ mono-substituted β-carboxy phthalocyanine zinc, FMT fluorescent molecular tomography, ZnPc zinc phthalocyanine, SDT sonodynamic therapy, OSCC oral squamous cell carcinoma, CT computed tomography, PT photothermal, PA photoacoustic, GNS gold nanostars, Ir iridium, ICG indocyanine green, ROS reactive oxygen species, IPTT interventional PTT