. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 18.

Published in final edited form as: Demography. 2021 Apr 1;58(2):655–684. doi: 10.1215/00703370-8958347

Table 4.

Logistic Regressions. Bill Paying Hardship (Odds Ratios) for 2010

	Full Sample						Whites					Blacks						Asians					Hispanics
	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 1	Model 2		Model 3		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 1	Model 2		Model 3		Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Nativity
Native-born (omitted)
Foreign-born citizen	0.70	^***	0.71	^***	0.79	^**	0.89	0.81		0.89		0.50	^***	0.56	^**	0.68	^*	1.04	1.03		0.82		0.68	^**	0.66	^**	0.78
Legal permanent status	1.15		0.98		0.87		1.37	1.21		0.90		0.97		0.96		1.04		1.62	1.38		1.17		1.12		0.91		0.86
Unauthorized status	1.30	^**	1.10		0.91		0.78	0.71		0.46	^**	1.03		0.99		1.09		1.03	0.92		1.07		1.52	^**	1.23		1.08
Race/Ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white (omitted)
Non-Hispanic black	2.80	^***	2.11	^***	1.66	^***
Non-Hispanic Asian	0.80		0.82		0.78
Non-Hispanic other race	2.67	^***	2.20	^***	1.72	^***
Hispanic	2.16	^***	1.62	^***	1.12
Household income-to-poverty ratio			0.73	^***	0.83	^***		0.72	^***	0.82	^***			0.78	^***	0.87	^***		0.74	^***	0.79	^***			0.77	^***	0.88	^**
English language (well/very well)					1.01					1.25						1.65					0.70						0.91
Age					0.99	^***				0.99	^***					1.00					1.00						0.99	^**
Education
Less than high school (omitted)
High school					1.10					0.95						1.20					1.79						1.20
Some college					1.15	^*				0.97						1.43	^**				2.86	^*					1.18
BA+					0.71	^***				0.57	^***					1.25					1.29						0.74
Family structure
Married couple family (omitted)
Other family type					1.10					1.07						1.18					1.48						1.03
Female-headed family					1.48	^***				1.58	^***					1.42	^**				1.03						1.44	^**
Labor force status
Full-time employed (omitted)
Unemployed					1.46	^***				1.38	^**					1.60	^**				2.36	^*					1.52	^*
Part-time employment					1.17	^**				1.07						1.37	^*				0.87						1.36	^*
Out of labor force					0.74	^***				0.67	^***					1.01					0.31	^**					0.90
Household size					1.09	^***				1.10	^**					1.09	^*				1.32	^**					1.06
Children under 18 present					1.04					1.06						1.00					0.94						1.08
Person over 65 present					0.68	^***				0.63	^***					0.81					1.25						0.67	^**
Disabled person present					2.17	^***				2.56	^***					1.46	^***				1.33						1.82	^***
Benefits
TANF/general assistance/SSI/housing assistance					1.05					1.05						1.09					1.60						1.01
Social Security					0.65	^***				0.61	^***					0.58	^***				0.96						0.91
Private health insurance					0.50	^***				0.42	^***					0.67	^***				0.56						0.69	^**
Medicare/Medicaid					1.01					1.01						1.14					1.31						1.01
In metro area					1.06					1.08						1.10					0.69						1.04
Region
Northeast (omitted)
West					1.18	^**				1.14						1.12					1.11						1.25
Midwest					1.15	^*				1.06						1.62	^**				1.56						1.01
South					0.99					0.90						1.28	^*				1.06						1.03
N	34,850		34,850		34,850		25,059	25,059		25,059		4,325		4,325		4,325		1,177	1,177		1,177		3,245		3,245		3,245

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