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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 18.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Anal Chem (Palo Alto Calif). 2021 Jul 27;14(1):437–465. doi: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091520-085936

Table 1.

Total cost of ownership

Purchase Cost (45%) Lifetime Cost (55%)
1. External (70%)
  - Analyzer (45%)
  - Sample handling (55%)		 1. Maintenance
  - material, suppliers, and consumables
  - support and training
  - administration
2. Internal (30%)
  - installation