Table 4.
Hazards and risks in ASGM: Identified hazards and weighted risk scores (%) from mining sites in Kadoma and Shurugwi, Zimbabwe, during the 2020 rainy season (n = 34).
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| SITES (N) | SITES IN CATEGORY A 75–100% N (%) | MODE | MEDIAN | QUARTILES 25TH | 50TH | 75TH | |
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| Environmental and physical hazards | |||||||
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| Noise | 23 | 10(43) | 34(D) | 55(C) | 34(D) | 55(C) | 80(A) |
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| Uncovered old mining pits | 21 | 5(24) | 40(D) | 58(C) | 42(D) | 58(C) | 75(A) |
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| Stagnant water | 8 | 1(13) | 22(E) | 27(E) | 22(E) | 27(E) | 52(C) |
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| Lack of toilets | 24 | 8(33) | 100(A) | 37(D) | 30(D) | 37(D) | 79(A) |
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| Mine contaminated drinking water | 7 | 4(57) | I00(A) | 100(A) | 22(E) | 100(A) | 100(A) |
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| Indecent shelter | 7 | 1(14) | 5(F) | 47(C) | 22(E) | 47(C) | 61(B) |
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| Water pools in panning sites | 1 | 1(100) | 100(A) | 100(A) | 100(A) | 100(A) | 100(A) |
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| Mining activities around homesteads | 15 | 6(40) | 100(A) | 64(B) | 30(D) | 64(B) | 81(A) |
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| Electricity | 6 | 6(100) | 100(A) | 98(A) | 84(A) | 98(A) | 100(A) |
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| Clutter | 8 | 3(36) | 100(A) | 46(C) | 25(E) | 46(C) | 94(A) |
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| Lack of fencing/signage | 24 | 9(38) | 100(A) | 61(B) | 30(D) | 83(A) | 100(A) |
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| Lack of PPE | 25 | 12(48) | 100(A) | 70(B) | 37(D) | 70 (B) | 94(A) |
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| Mechanical hazards | |||||||
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| Unsafe shaft support | 18 | 9(50) | 100(A) | 83(A) | 51(C) | 83(A) | 100(A) |
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| Equipment | 19 | 8(42) | 68(B) | 68(B) | 52(C) | 68 (B) | 90(A) |
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| Chemical hazards | |||||||
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| Chemicals | 25 | 17(68) | 100(A) | 100(A) | 66(B) | 100(A) | 100(A) |
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| Contamination of food | 6 | 1(17) | 32(D) | 32(D) | 24(E) | 32(D) | 72(B) |
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| Mine contaminated drinking water | 7 | 4(57) | I00(A) | 100(A) | 22(E) | 100(A) | 100(A) |
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| Chemical contamination of farmland | 7 | 4(57) | 32(D) | 80(A) | 32(D) | 80(A) | 100(A) |
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| Mine waste | 20 | 4(20) | 22(E) | 43(D) | 35(D) | 43(D) | 68(B) |
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| Silica dust | 29 | 16(55) | 65(B) | 75(A) | 65(B) | 75(A) | 86(A) |
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| Ergonomic hazard(s) | |||||||
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| Confined working space | 21 | 3(14) | 24(E) | 32(D) | 22(E) | 32(D) | 72(B) |
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| Manual Lifting | 21 | 7(33) | 54(C) | 62(B) | 38(D) | 62(B) | 77(A) |
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| Psycho-social hazards | |||||||
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| Conflicts & violence | 5 | 1(20) | 32(D) | 40(D) | 34(D) | 40(D) | 68(B) |
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| Child labor | 21 | 5(24) | 100(A) | 48(C) | 35(D) | 48(C) | 75(A) |
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| Alcohol abuse & smoking | 11 | 7(64) | 100(A) | 100(A) | 24(E) | 100(A) | 100(A) |
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| Prostitution | 6 | 4(67) | 100(A) | 90(A) | 71(B) | 90(A) | 100(A) |
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| Security hazards | |||||||
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| Lack of security guards on-site | 4 | 1(25) | 22(E) | 58(C) | 29(E) | 58(C) | 78(A) |
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| Biological hazards | |||||||
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| Crocodiles & snake bites (gold panning) | 5 | – | 22(E) | 43(D) | 29(E) | 43(D) | 55 (C) |
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