Table 1.
Socio-demographic Covariates and COVID-19 Experiences and Vulnerabilities by Probable PTSD Status (N = 845)
| No/Low PTSD (n = 569, 67.3%) |
Probable PTSD (n = 276, 32.7%) | T-test or χ2 Value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariate | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
| Age (M (SD)), in years | 36.95 | 11.0 | 37.50 | 11.2 | 35.82 | 10.5 | 2.09* | |
| Gender | Man | 169 | 20.0 | 120 | 21.1 | 49 | 17.8 | 12.08** |
| Woman | 655 | 77.5 | 442 | 77.7 | 213 | 77.2 | ||
| Non-Binary, Transgender, Other | 21 | 2.5 | 7 | 1.2 | 14 | 5.1 | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | Non-Hispanic White | 495 | 58.6 | 336 | 59.1 | 159 | 57.6 | 0.91 |
| Black | 114 | 13.5 | 76 | 13.4 | 38 | 13.8 | ||
| Asian | 79 | 9.3 | 52 | 9.1 | 27 | 9.8 | ||
| Latinx | 86 | 10.2 | 60 | 10.5 | 26 | 9.4 | ||
| Other Race or More Than One Race | 71 | 8.4 | 45 | 7.9 | 26 | 9.4 | ||
| Educational Attainment | High School or Less | 79 | 9.3 | 48 | 8.4 | 31 | 11.2 | 1.99 |
| Some College/2-yr College Degree | 234 | 27.2 | 156 | 27.4 | 78 | 28.3 | ||
| 4-yr College Degree or Grad School | 532 | 63.0 | 365 | 64.1 | 167 | 60.5 | ||
| Current Employment Status | Employed Full Time | 470 | 55.6 | 328 | 57.6 | 142 | 51.4 | 17.14** |
| Employed Part Time | 129 | 15.3 | 88 | 15.5 | 41 | 14.9 | ||
| Unemployed | 177 | 20.9 | 99 | 17.4 | 78 | 28.3 | ||
| Student | 34 | 4.0 | 29 | 5.1 | 5 | 1.8 | ||
| Retired | 19 | 2.2 | 14 | 2.5 | 5 | 1.8 | ||
| Furloughed | 16 | 1.9 | 11 | 1.9 | 5 | 1.8 | ||
| Annual Household Income | ≤$50,000 per year | 352 | 41.7 | 220 | 38.7 | 132 | 47.8 | 7.73+ |
| $50,001–$100,000 per year | 334 | 39.5 | 235 | 41.3 | 99 | 35.9 | ||
| $100,001–$150,000 per year | 102 | 12.1 | 70 | 12.3 | 32 | 11.6 | ||
| >$150,000 per year | 57 | 6.7 | 44 | 7.7 | 13 | 4.7 | ||
| Marital status | Married | 283 | 33.5 | 201 | 35.3 | 82 | 29.7 | 6.91+ |
| Single, In a Relationship | 253 | 29.9 | 176 | 30.9 | 77 | 27.9 | ||
| Single, No Relationship | 243 | 28.8 | 154 | 27.1 | 89 | 32.2 | ||
| Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 66 | 7.8 | 38 | 6.7 | 28 | 10.1 | ||
| Living Situation | Living Alone | 185 | 21.9 | 121 | 21.3 | 64 | 23.2 | 0.40 |
| Living with Others | 660 | 78.1 | 448 | 78.7 | 212 | 76.8 | ||
| Residential Area Type | Urban | 431 | 51.0 | 286 | 50.3 | 145 | 52.5 | 2.85 |
| Suburban | 298 | 35.3 | 208 | 36.6 | 90 | 32.6 | ||
| Town | 65 | 7.7 | 39 | 6.9 | 26 | 9.4 | ||
| Rural | 51 | 6.0 | 36 | 6.3 | 15 | 5.4 | ||
| Region of Residence | West | 277 | 32.8 | 190 | 33.4 | 87 | 31.5 | 0.52 |
| Midwest | 139 | 16.4 | 95 | 16.7 | 44 | 15.9 | ||
| Northeast | 167 | 19.8 | 111 | 19.5 | 56 | 20.3 | ||
| South | 262 | 31.0 | 173 | 30.4 | 89 | 32.2 | ||
| Had a COVID-19 Test | Yes | 275 | 32.5 | 187 | 32.9 | 88 | 31.9 | 0.08 |
| Quarantined | Yes | 260 | 30.8 | 159 | 27.9 | 101 | 36.6 | 6.53* |
| Had COVID-19 | Yes, diagnosed with test | 12 | 1.4 | 7 | 1.2 | 5 | 1.8 | 11.65** |
| Probably, diagnosed without test | 9 | 1.1 | 3 | 0.5 | 6 | 2.2 | ||
| Maybe, suspected COVID-19 | 135 | 16.0 | 79 | 13.9 | 56 | 20.3 | ||
| No, did not have COVID-19 | 689 | 81.5 | 480 | 84.4 | 209 | 75.7 | ||
| Vulnerable Conditions | Yes | 286 | 33.8 | 173 | 30.4 | 113 | 40.9 | 9.22** |
| Body Weight | Normal Weight | 430 | 50.9 | 305 | 53.6 | 125 | 45.3 | 5.18 |
| Underweight | 37 | 4.4 | 23 | 4.0 | 14 | 5.1 | ||
| Overweight | 337 | 39.9 | 215 | 37.8 | 122 | 44.2 | ||
| Obese | 41 | 4.9 | 26 | 4.6 | 15 | 5.4 | ||
| COVID-19 in a Household Member | Yes, diagnosed with test | 28 | 3.3 | 18 | 3.2 | 10 | 3.6 | 11.50** |
| Probably, diagnosed without test | 6 | 0.7 | 1 | 0.2 | 5 | 1.8 | ||
| Maybe, suspected COVID-19 | 80 | 9.5 | 46 | 8.1 | 34 | 12.3 | ||
| No, did not have COVID-19 | 731 | 86.5 | 504 | 88.6 | 227 | 82.2 | ||
| Know Those with COVID-19 | Yes | 511 | 60.5 | 331 | 58/2 | 180 | 65.2 | 3.86+ |
| COVID-19 Care in Employment | Provides Direct COVID-19 Care | 35 | 4.1 | 25 | 4.4 | 10 | 3.6 | 2.22 |
| Provides Supportive COVID-19 Care | 53 | 6.3 | 31 | 5.4 | 22 | 8.0 | ||
| Does Not Provide COVID-19 Care | 757 | 89.6 | 513 | 90.2 | 244 | 88.4 | ||
Note. Probable PTSD = PCL-5 scores ≥ 33. Other Race is Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander, American Indian, Alaska Native, and Middle Eastern
**
p < .01,
*
p < .05,
+
p < .10 for t-tests (age) and χ2 tests of independence (categorical covariates) by PTSD