FIGURE 2.

A brief schematic of the ketone body production and oxidation in the liver and heart. Ketone bodies are mainly produced in the liver with fatty acid oxidation. After being transported through the circulatory system, β-OHB can be oxidized in extrahepatic organs, such as the heart. In the heart, β-OHB can generate acetyl-CoA that can enter the TCA cycle. SCOT is the rate-limiting enzyme of ketone body oxidation. β-OHB: β-hydroxybutyrate, HMGCS2: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2, HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutary-CoA, HMGCL: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, BDH1: β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase 1, SCOT: Succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid-CoA transferase, ACAT: Acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, TCA cycle: Tricarboxylic acid cycle.