Table 1.
Training programme including progressions (VIS = visualisation training group, NO-VIS = no visualisation training group)
| Group | Exercise | Description | Intensity | Progression | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise 1 | NO-VIS | Single leg balance with hip flexion | Participant performed single leg balance with contralateral hip flexion. Participant aimed to flex hip and knee to 90° |
2 sets × 10 reps 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: perform 3 sets Sensory manipulation: Vision occluded Wobble board added |
| VIS | Single leg balance with hip flexion (Fig. 2a) | Participant performed single leg balance with contralateral hip flexion to target on screen. Range of motion was established before starting the exercise |
2 sets × 10 reps 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: perform 3 sets Sensory manipulation: Wobble board added |
|
| Exercise 2 | NO-VIS | Star Excursion Balance exercise | Participant performed Star Excursion Balance Test (as per outcome assessment) |
2 sets × 8 reps 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: perform 3 sets Sensory manipulation: Vision occluded Wobble board added Cognitive manipulation: Reactivity added |
| VIS | Single leg stand and reach (Fig. 2b) | Adapted from Star Excursion Balance Test. Participant reached to targets on screen. Points scored when target touched |
2 sets × 8 reps 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: Perform 3 sets Increase target distance Sensory manipulation: Wobble board added Cognitive manipulation: Spots appear for shorter time |
|
| Exercise 3 | NO-VIS | Lunge with distractive techniques (dual tasking) | Participant performed alternating reverse lunge. One foot stepped posterior to body, and body lowered until the anterior thigh and posterior leg were parallel with the ground [40, 41] |
2 sets × 12 reps 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: perform 3 sets Sensory manipulation: Wobble board added Cognitive manipulation: Arithmetic task |
| VIS | Lunge with distractive techniques (dual tasking) (Fig. 2c) | Participant performed alternating reverse lunge |
2 sets × 12 reps 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: perform 3 sets Sensory manipulation: Wobble board added Cognitive manipulation: Stroop test [42] |
|
| Exercise 4 | NO-VIS | Leap-based exercise | Adapted from the Dynamic Leap and Balance Test [43]. Participant leapt to targets following a star pattern on the floor |
2 sets × 10 reps 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: Perform 3 sets Increase target distance Sensory manipulation: Vision occluded Cognitive manipulation: Reactivity added |
| VIS |
Leap game (Fig. 2d) |
The aim was to avoid avatar from being hit by any object on screen by leaping from one leg to the other |
2 sets × 30 s 10–12 RPE |
Increased intensity: Perform 3 sets Perform for 60 s Sensory and cognitive manipulation: Objects move towards participant at various speeds, distances, and directions |