Fig. 3. Genetic correlation (r_g) between the wellbeing index score and published GWAS of relevant phenotypes and psychiatric disorders.

Positively and negatively correlated phenotypes and major psychiatric illnesses were examined using Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression (LDSC). Published wellbeing-related summary statistics from independent studies included: positive affect, life satisfaction, wellbeing spectrum [10], subjective wellbeing [8], conscientiousness [24], extraversion [25], neuroticism [26], depressive symptoms [8], loneliness [27] and body mass index (BMI) [28]. Published disease-specific summary statistics from independent studies included: major depressive disorder (MDD) [29], bipolar disorder (BIP) [30], schizophrenia (SCZ) [31], attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [32], autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [33], obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [34] and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [35]. Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Green bars indicate positive r_g, orange bars indicate negative r_g and grey bars indicate traits with non-significant genetic correlation after Bonferroni correction (p > 6.94 × 10⁻⁴).