Table 3.
Language and literacy measures by language.
| English | Spanish | Chinese | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Construct | Measure | Reference | Measure | Reference | Measure | Reference |
| Phonological awareness | Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing Elision Subset (CTOPP) | Wagner et al. (1999) [2] | Test of Phonological Processing in Spanish (TOPPS) | Francis et al. (2001) [5] | Self-developed Syllable and Phoneme Elision task | Newman et al. (2011) [3]; Sun et al. (2021) [4] |
| Morphological awareness | Self-developed Early Lexical Morphology Measure (ELMM) | Adapted from Goodwin et al. (2012) [6] | Self-developed Early Lexical Morphology Measure -Spanish (ELMM-S) | Modeled after the English task | Self-developed Morphological Construction Test | Song et al. (2015) [7]; Sun et al. (2021) [4] |
| Vocabulary | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-5 (PPVT) | Dunn (2015) [8] | Test de Vocabulario en Imágenes Peabody (TVIP) | Dunn et al. (1986) [10] | Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised | Lu & Liu (1998) [9] |
| Nonword reading | Woodcock Johnson-4 Word Attack Subset (WJ-WA) | / | / | / | / | |
| Single-word reading | Woodcock Johnson-4 Letter-word Identification Subset (WJ-LWID) | Batería III Woodcock-Muñoz Identificacion de letras y palabras | Self-developed Character Recognition and Reading Task | Sun et al. (2021) [4] | ||
| Passage comprehension | Woodcock Johnson-4 Passage Comprehension Subset (WJ-PC) | Schrank et al., 2018 [11] | Batería III Woodcock-Muñoz Comprehension de textos | Muñoz-Sandoval et al. (2005) [12] | / | / |
| Sentence reading fluency | Woodcock Johnson-4 Sentence Reading Fluency Subset (WJ-SRF) | Batería III Woodcock-Muñoz Fluidez en la lectura | Self-developed Sentence Reading Fluency Task | / | ||