Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the participants
| N (% missing) | Study population (n = 185) | |
|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 185 (0.0) | 8.9 (5.9, 11.8) |
| Age categories, n (%) | ||
| < 5 years | 185 (0.0) | 36 (19.5) |
| 5–10 years | 73 (39.5) | |
| > 10 years | 76 (41.1) | |
| Sex, n (%) Female | 185 (0.0) | 77 (41.6) |
| Height-for-age z score | 184 (0.1) | -1.36 (-2.28, -0.40) |
| Weight-for-age z scorea | 112 (39.5) | -1.47 (-2.04, -0.47) |
| Weight-for-height z scorea | 38 (79.5) | -1.59 (-2.19, -0.39) |
| BMI-for-age z scorea | 149 (19.5) | -1.31(-2.26, -0.40) |
| HIV infection, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
| Routine Medication Use | ||
| Folic acid, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 117 (63.2) |
| Hydroxyurea, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 61 (33.0) |
| Penicillin V prophylaxis, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 11 (6.0) |
| Children < 5 years of age | 36 (0.0) | 5 (13.9) |
| Medical History | ||
| Hospital admission past 6 months, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 78 (42.2) |
| Prior transfusion, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 140 (75.7) |
| History of stroke, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 24 (13) |
| Clinical characteristics on admission | ||
| Fever, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 64 (34.6) |
| Heart rate, bpm | 185 (0.0) | 108 (98, 121) |
| Blood pressure category, n (%) | ||
| Hypotensive | 185 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) |
| Normotensive | 149 (80.5) | |
| Hypertension | 31 (18.4) | |
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 4 (2.2) |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 13 (7.0) |
| Unable to drink/breastfeed, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 8 (4.3) |
| Severe anemia, Hemoglobin < 8.0 g/dL, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 130 (70.3) |
| Splenomegaly, n (%) | 179 (3.2) | 18 (9.7) |
| Liver assessment | ||
| No hepatomegaly | 185 (0.0) | 107 (57.8) |
| Hepatomegaly | 40 (21.6) | |
| Tender Hepatomegaly | 38 (20.5) | |
| History of reduced urine output, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 15 (8.1) |
| History of tea coloured urine, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 79 (42.7) |
| Laboratory findings | ||
| WBC × 103/μL | 185 (0.0) | 22.6 (16.7, 33.4) |
| Neutrophil count × 103/μL | 185 (0.0) | 12.1 (8.3, 17.2) |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 185 (0.0) | 7.3 (6.3, 8.3) |
| Platelet count × 109/L | 185 (0.0) | 418 (306, 525) |
| Sepsis, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 19 (10.3) |
| Malaria, n (%) | 177 (4.3) | 17 (9.6) |
| Urinary tract infection, n (%) | 182 (1.6) | 4 (2.2) |
| Acute infection, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 38 (20.5) |
| Kidney Function | ||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 185 (0.0) | 0.3 (0.19, 0.4) |
| Urine albumin to creatinine ratio, n (%) | ||
| < 3 mg/mmol | 175 (5.4) | 105 (60.0) |
| 3–30 mg/mmol | 55 (31.4) | |
| > 30 mg/mmol | 15 (8.6) | |
| Admission eGFR, mL/min per 1.73m2 | ||
| CKiD SCr equation | 184 (0.1) | 184 (139, 227) |
| CKiD Cystatin C equation | 184 (0.1) | 86 (68, 107) |
| CKiD SCr + Cystatin C equation | 184 (0.1) | 133 (104, 160) |
| Outcome | ||
| In-hospital mortality, n (%) | 185 (0.0) | 6 (3.2) |
Data presented as median (IQR) or n (%)
a Weight-for-age available for children ≤ 10 years of age (n = 113); weight-for-height for children < 5 years or age, BMI-for-age for children ≥ 5 years of age (WHO standards, 2009)