Table 4.
Risk factors of AKI on admission and incident or worsening AKI using sKDIGO
| Admission AKI | Incident or worsening AKI | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No AKI (n = 142) | AKI (n = 43) | P value | No AKI (n = 118) | AKI (n = 28) | P value | ||
| Demographics and Clinical Characteristics | |||||||
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 8.3 (5.1, 11.4) | 10.3 (7.3, 12.3) | 0.021 | 8.0 (5.1, 11.3) | 9.6 (5.6, 13.0) | 0.264 | |
| Sex, n (%) Female | 57 (40.1) | 20 (46.5) | 0.458 | 42 (35.6) | 17 (60.7) | 0.015 | |
| Blood pressure category, n (%) | |||||||
| Hypotensive | 1 (0.7) | 1 (2.3) | 0.441 | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1.000 | |
| Normotensive (reference) | 116 (81.7) | 33 (76.7) | 96 (81.4) | 23 (82.1) | |||
| Hypertensive | 25 (17.6) | 9 (20.9) | 21 (17.8) | 5 (17.9) | |||
| Diarrhea, n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (4.7) | 0.231 | 1 (0.9) | 1 (3.6) | 0.348 | |
| Vomiting, n (%) | 8 (5.6) | 5 (11.6) | 0.178 | 5 (4.2) | 3 (10.7) | 0.180 | |
| Unable to drink/breastfeed, n (%) | 2 (1.4) | 6 (14.0) | 0.002 | 1 (0.9) | 1 (3.6) | 0.348 | |
| Hypovolemia, n (%) | 13 (9.2) | 11 (25.6) | 0.005 | 8 (6.8) | 5 (17.9) | 0.064 | |
| Splenomegaly, n (%) | 13 (9.2) | 5 (11.6) | 0.733 | 9 (7.6) | 5 (17.9) | 0.252 | |
| No hepatomegaly | 92 (64.8) | 15 (34.9) | 0.001 | 77 (65.3) | 16 (57.1) | 0.620 | |
| Hepatomegaly | 28 (19.7) | 12 (27.9) | 24 (20.3) | 6 (21.4) | |||
| Tender Hepatomegaly | 22 (15.5) | 16 (37.2) | 17 (14.4) | 6 (21.4) | |||
| History of reduce urine output, n (%) | 9 (6.3) | 6 (14.0) | 0.109 | 8 (6.8) | 1 (3.6) | 1.000 | |
| History of tea coloured urine, n (%) | 53 (37.3) | 26 (60.5) | 0.007 | 41 (34.8) | 14 (50.0) | 0.134 | |
| Nephrotoxic medication use in hospital | |||||||
| Ibuprofen, n (%) | 120 (84.5) | 35 (81.4) | 0.628 | 99 (83.9) | 24 (85.7) | 0.813 | |
| Diclophenac, n (%) | 16 (11.3) | 3 (7.0) | 0.571 | 15 (12.7) | 2 (7.1) | 0.528 | |
| Gentamicin, n (%) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.232 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | –- | |
| Laboratory Findings | |||||||
| WBC × 103/μL | 21.0 (15.5, 30.2) | 30.8 (19.3, 51.8) | 0.0002 | 20.1 (15.4, 30.3) | 21.7 (15.5, 30.2) | 0.980 | |
| Neutrophil count × 103/μL | 11.4 (8.0, 16.2) | 16.1 (10.5, 25.3) | 0.001 | 11.3 (8.0, 16.2) | 12.2 (8.0, 16.9) | 0.585 | |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 7.4 (6.5, 8.4) | 6.2 (5.6, 7.4) | < 0.0001 | 7.4 (6.5, 8.4) | 7.5 (7.0, 8.6) | 0.388 | |
| Platelet count × 103/μL | 434 (330. 557) | 372 (251, 449) | 0.0140 | 435 (330, 557) | 422 (302, 570) | 0.831 | |
| Sepsis5, n (%) | 12 (8.5) | 7 (16.3) | 0.138 | 9 (7.6) | 3 (10.7) | 0.701 | |
| Malaria, n (%) | 9 (6.7) | 8 (19.1) | 0.017 | 7 (6.3) | 3 (10.7) | 0.421 | |
| Urinary tract infection, n (%) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (7.1) | 0.039 | 1 (0.9) | 0 | 1.000 | |
| Acute infection, n (%) | 22 (15.5) | 16 (37.2) | 0.002 | 17 (14.4) | 6 (21.4) | 0.359 | |
| Hematuria, n (%) | 5 (3.5) | 9 (20.9) | < 0.001 | 4 (3.4) | 2 (7.1) | 0.324 | |
| Proteinuria, n (%) | 14 (9.9) | 14 (32.6) | < 0.001 | 9 (7.6) | 5 (17.9) | 0.098 | |
| Bilirubinuria, n (%) | 9 (6.3) | 7 (16.3) | 0.042 | 3 (2.5) | 6 (21.4) | 0.002 | |
| Pain characteristics | |||||||
| Pain Score, median (IQR) | 6 (4,8) | 6 (4, 8) | 0.242 | 6 (4,8) | 6 (4,8) | 0.755 | |
| Duration of pain in days | 3 (2,4) | 3 (2,6) | 0.126 | 3 (2,4) | 3 (2, 5) | 0.978 | |