Table 1.
The characteristic of included case–control and cohort studies in this meta-analysis
| Authors (Year) | Study population | Age (year) | Sample size | Fibrocystic changes of breast detection | PCOs detection | Hypothyroidism detection | Measurement of association, relative risk (CI 95%) | Controlled variables |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alipour et al. [20] (2018) | Women with fibrocystic changes (FCC) and women who had attended the clinic for breast cancer screening without any breast symptoms |
Case = 40 ± 8.8 Control = 46 ± 9.8 |
320 Case = 114 Control = 206 |
Breast clinical features or ultrasonographic and histological detection of FCC | TSH ≥ 5 (μIU/mL) | 1.52 (0.61, 3.78) |
Age, body mass index (BMI), and family history of BBD |
|
| Anil et al. [21] (2015) | Patients with HT, subjects without known thyroid disease, who attended the Endocrinology Department for general Endocrine check-up |
Case = 37.66 ± 8.41 Control = 32.59 ± 7.32 (18_50) |
167 Case = 95 Control = 72 |
Breast ultrasonography | Thyroid ultrasonography, positive anti-TPO (antithyroid peroxidase) | 2.81 (0.84, 9.40) | ||
| Gungor et al. [16] (2020) | Women with Irregular Menstruation, and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, who applied to the Gynecology and Obstetrics outpatient clinic |
Case = 33.02 ± 1.99 Control = 33.2 ± 1.9 |
269 Case = 102 Control = 167 |
Breast ultrasound | Based on the Rotterdam 2003 diagnostic criteria | 1.41 (0.86, 2.31) | Age _BMI Mean age at menarche _smoking | |
| Soran et al. [17] (2005) | Women with PCOS and healthy from the population of a cohort study |
Case = 46 (30–66) Control = 47 (29–63) |
240 Case = 116 Control = 124 |
Clinical or histological diagnosis | Through private reproductive endocrine practices | 0.78 (0.45, 1.36) | Age, Race | |
| Gumus et al. [18] (2009) | PCOS and non- PCOS |
Case = 25 ± 4.98 Control = 26.4 ± 5.09 |
93 Case = 53 Control = 40 |
Ultrasound examination | Laboratory, clinical, and ultrasound findings | 3.17 (1.31–7.68) | Age, body mass Index (BMI) | |
| D’Amelio et al. [19] (2001) | Women who attend the outpatient ultrasound clinic |
26 ± 1 (18–30) |
444 Case = 93 Control = 351 |
Ultrasound mammography | Pelvic ultrasound scan | 18.05 (10.07, 32.35) | Age, parity, menstrual patterns, body mass index (BMI) |