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. 2022 Mar 19;23(6):2613–2634. doi: 10.1007/s10902-022-00513-6

Table 3.

Manipulation checks T1-T4 by intervention

Nostalgia (1) n = 40 Gratitude (2) n = 36 BPS (3) n = 37 Control (4) n = 37 Main effect of intervention Post hoc
M SD M SD M SD M SD F(3,145) p ηp2
T1 State Nostalgia 4.90 1.08 3.83 1.20 3.34 1.36 3.70 1.55 10.83 .0001 .19 1 > 2, 3, 4*** d = 0.89, d = 1.53, d = 0.77 2 > 3* d = 0.36
T1 State Gratefulness 4.59 1.12 5.09 0.81 4.71 0.92 3.90 1.21 13.20 .0001 .22 1, 2, 3 > 4** d = 0.57, d = 0.98, d = 0.67 2 > 1, 3** d = 0.45, d = 0.41
T1 State Optimism 4.31 1.08 4.50 0.92 4.92 0.75 3.66 1.12 11.60 .0001 .20 3 > 1* d = 0.56 1, 2, 3 > 4** d = 0.58, d = 0.75, d = 1.13
T2 State Nostalgia 4.98 1.16 3.66 1.32 3.51 1.48 3.63 1.53 10.67 .0001 .18 1 > 2, 3, 4*** d = 1.00, d = 0.99, d = 0.88
T2 State Gratefulness 4.63 1.01 5.03 0.79 4.71 1.03 4.34 1.19 5.80 .001 .11 2 > 1, 3, 4* d = 0.40, d = 0.31, d = 0.58
T2 State Optimism 4.29 0.94 4.44 1.04 4.77 0.78 3.93 1.25 5.40 .002 .10 2, 3 > 4** d = 0.41, d = 0.67
T3 State Nostalgia 4.92 1.16 3.49 1.43 3.40 1.53 3.52 1.50 10.69 .0001 .18 1 > 2, 3, 4*** d = 1.00, d = 1.00, d = 0.93
T3 State Gratefulness 4.77 0.95 5.03 0.86 4.66 1.11 4.41 0.92 4.63 .004 .09 2 > 3, 4* d = 0.33, d = 0.67
T3 State Optimism 4.23 0.95 4.39 1.17 4.75 0.92 3.96 1.07 4.47 .005 .09 3 > 1, 4* d = 0.57, d = 0.74

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001