. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Mar 19.

Published in final edited form as: Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2016 Jun 7;23(6):481–486. doi: 10.1038/nsmb.3195

Table 1.

Methods and tools used with membrane proteins incorporated into Nanodiscs.

Features and applications	Experimental methods	Membrane proteins	References
Solubilization and stabilization	X-ray crystallography	GPCR	23
	NMR	Various membrane proteins	8,14-18
	Resonance Raman	Cytochrome P450, rhodopsins	56
	Optical absorption	Cytochrome P450, rhodopsins	53-57
	EPR	Transporters, rhodopsin	36, 37
	Cell-free expression	Various	12, 42
Surface immobilization using affinity tags on scaffold protein or lipids	Single-molecule studies SPR, LSPR, sensing and detection	P450, GPCR	9-11, 47-50
	Single-molecule studies SPR, LSPR, sensing and detection	Factor VII	9-11, 47-50
Isolation of monomers, oligomers, and functional complexes of multiple proteins	Structural and functional studies	Receptors, rhodopsins, cytochrome P450 with CPR, ATPase	4, 53-55, 59,60 57,58,61, 67
Structurally homogeneous preparations	SAXS, SANS	Cytochrome P450 and reductase Receptors, channels	4,42,43,45 20,21,26-31
Structurally homogeneous preparations	EM	Cytochrome P450 and reductase Receptors, channels	4,42,43,45 20,21,26-31
Fractionation by size, charge, density.	Chromatography, Electrophoresis, Ultracentrifugation		3,4,15, 59,60
Protein-membrane binding	SPR	K-ras protein, TF:VIIa, PgP transporter	9-11
Membrane effect on protein properties	Redox potential, Kinetics	Cytochrome P450 reductase Factor VIII Respiratory Complex	39 29 40