Table 3.
Multiple Linear Regression Models Explaining the Emotion-Focused Precautions (n=155)
| CB-EFS-1 | CB-EFS-2 | CB-EFS-3 | CB-EFS-4 | CB-EFS-5 | CB-EFS-6 | CB-EFS-7 | CB-EFS-8 | CB-EFS-9 | CB-EFS-10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Age group (Ref: 60–69) | ||||||||||
| 70–79 | 0.18 (−0.23, 0.59) | 0.25 (−0.12, 0.63) | −0.21 (−0.71, 0.29) | 0.07 (−0.32, 0.47) | −0.16 (−0.56, 0.25) | −0.17 (−0.67, 0.33) | −0.24 (−0.72, 0.24) | −0.15 (−0.56, 0.26) | −0.58 (−1.04, −0.11) | 0.11 (−0.26, 0.48) |
| 80+ | 0.24 (−0.23, 0.71) | 0.01 (−0.43, 0.44) | 0.35 (−0.24, 0.93) | −0.04 (−0.49, 0.42) | −0.20 (−0.67, 0.28) | 0.07 (−0.51, 0.65) | 0.23 (−0.33, 0.79) | −0.49 (−0.97, −0.02) | −0.32 (−0.86, 0.22) | −0.08 (−0.51, 0.35) |
| Gender (Ref: Male) | ||||||||||
| Female | 0.40 (0.04, 0.76) | 0.24 (−0.09, 0.57) | 0.11 (−0.34, 0.55) | 0.41 (0.06, 0.75) | 0.13 (−0.23, 0.49) | 0.10 (−0.34, 0.55) | −0.40 (−0.83, 0.02) | −0.11 (−0.47, 0.26) | 0.14 (−0.27, 0.55) | 0.21 (−0.12, 0.54) |
| Education (Ref: No formal education) | ||||||||||
| Primary school | −0.04 (−0.54, 0.47) | 0.06 (−0.4, 0.52) | −0.13 (−0.75, 0.49) | 0.28 (−0.20, 0.77) | 0.12 (−0.38, 0.63) | 0.04 (−0.58, 0.66) | 0.20 (−0.39, 0.80) | 0.90 (0.39, 1.41) | 0.86 (0.28, 1.43) | 0.51 (0.05, 0.97) |
| High school | −0.02 (−0.58, 0.54) | 0.17 (−0.35, 0.68) | 0.04 (−0.65, 0.74) | 0.34 (−0.21, 0.88) | −0.15 (−0.71, 0.41) | 0.02 (−0.67, 0.71) | 0.59 (−0.08, 1.26) | 0.35 (−0.22, 0.92) | 0.70 (0.05, 1.34) | 0.29 (−0.22, 0.80) |
| Bachelor degree | 0.46 (−0.10, 1.03) | 0.34 (−0.18, 0.86) | 0.58 (−0.11, 1.28) | 0.56 (0.02, 1.11) | −0.17 (−0.74, 0.39) | −0.26 (−0.96, 0.43) | 0.65 (−0.02, 1.32) | 0.05 (−0.52, 0.62) | 0.62 (−0.03, 1.27) | 0.33 (−0.18, 0.85) |
| Masters and above | 0.30 (−0.28, 0.88) | 0.16 (−0.37, 0.69) | 0.26 (−0.45, 0.98) | 0.57 (0.01, 1.13) | −0.10 (−0.68, 0.48) | −0.71 (−1.43, 0) | 0.61 (−0.08, 1.30) | −0.02 (−0.61, 0.57) | 0.66 (−0.01, 1.32) | −0.05 (−0.58, 0.48) |
| Ethnicity (Ref: European) | ||||||||||
| Asian | −0.07 (−0.52, 0.38) | 0.21 (−0.21, 0.62) | −0.41 (−0.97, 0.14) | 0.41 (−0.02, 0.85) | 0.09 (−0.36, 0.54) | 0.16 (−0.4, 0.71) | −0.04 (−0.58, 0.49) | 0.57 (0.12, 1.03) | −0.35 (−0.87, 0.17) | 0.10 (−0.31, 0.51) |
| African | 0.13 (−0.84, 1.09) | 0.49 (−0.4, 1.37) | 0.11 (−1.09, 1.30) | 0.61 (−0.33, 1.55) | 0.68 (−0.29, 1.65) | 1.50 (0.31, 2.70) | 0.22 (−0.93, 1.37) | 0.31 (−0.67, 1.29) | −0.58 (−1.69, 0.53) | 0.05 (−0.83, 0.93) |
| Sum-score of becoming infected (from 3 items) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.04) | −0.03 (−0.08, 0.03) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | −0.06 (−0.14, 0.01) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.09) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.06) | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.02) | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) |
| DR-1 | 0.05 (−0.15, 0.25) | 0.11 (−0.07, 0.3) | 0.01 (−0.25, 0.24) | −0.09 (−0.28, 0.10) | −0.17 (−0.37, 0.03) | −0.31 (−0.55, −0.07) | −0.22 (−0.45, 0.02) | −0.07 (−0.27, 0.13) | −0.23 (−0.46, −0.01) | −0.02 (−0.20, 0.16) |
| DR-2 | 0.19 (−0.05, 0.43) | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.22) | −0.02 (−0.32, 0.28) | 0.06 (−0.17, 0.29) | 0.02 (−0.22, 0.26) | −0.14 (−0.43, 0.16) | 0.11 (−0.18, 0.39) | 0.22 (−0.03, 0.46) | 0.11 (−0.17, 0.38) | −0.06 (−0.28, 0.16) |
| DR-3 | 0.05 (−0.18, 0.28) | 0.11 (−0.1, 0.32) | 0.09 (−0.19, 0.37) | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.29) | 0.14 (−0.09, 0.37) | 0.28 (0, 0.56) | 0.25 (−0.02, 0.52) | −0.02 (−0.25, 0.21) | 0.06 (−0.21, 0.32) | 0.12 (−0.09, 0.33) |
| DR-4 | 0.05 (−0.17, 0.28) | 0.13 (−0.08, 0.33) | −0.05 (−0.33, 0.22) | 0.04 (−0.18, 0.25) | −0.10 (−0.32, 0.12) | −0.06 (−0.33, 0.21) | −0.44 (−0.7, −0.18) | −0.37 (−0.60, −0.15) | −0.27 (−0.53, −0.02) | −0.22 (−0.43, −0.02) |
| DR-5 | −0.01 (−0.22, 0.19) | 0.06 (−0.12, 0.25) | 0.04 (−0.21, 0.29) | 0.01 (−0.20, 0.20) | 0.17 (−0.04, 0.37) | −0.09 (−0.34, 0.16) | 0.06 (−0.19, 0.30) | −0.19 (−0.40, 0.02) | 0.17 (−0.07, 0.40) | 0.09 (−0.09, 0.28) |
| DR-6 | −0.07 (−0.24, 0.09) | −0.07 (−0.22, 0.08) | −0.12 (−0.32, 0.08) | −0.09 (−0.24, 0.07) | −0.06 (−0.23, 0.10) | −0.15 (−0.35, 0.05) | −0.28 (−0.47, −0.09) | 0.09 (−0.08, 0.25) | 0.01 (−0.18, 0.20) | −0.06 (−0.21, 0.09) |
| UR-1 | 0.04 (−0.15, 0.23) | 0.01 (−0.17, 0.18) | 0.14 (−0.10, 0.38) | 0.02 (−0.17, 0.20) | 0.10 (−0.09, 0.30) | 0.07 (−0.16, 0.31) | −0.13 (−0.36, 0.10) | 0.01 (−0.2, 0.19) | 0.05 (−0.17, 0.28) | 0.12 (−0.06, 0.29) |
| UR-2 | 0.23 (0.04, 0.42) | 0.23 (0.06, 0.40) | −0.04 (−0.27, 0.20) | 0.24 (0.06, 0.42) | −0.10 (−0.29, 0.09) | −0.09 (−0.33, 0.14) | 0.18 (−0.05, 0.41) | 0.26 (0.07, 0.45) | 0.13 (−0.09, 0.35) | −0.09 (−0.27, 0.08) |
| UR-3 | −0.04 (−0.17, 0.10) | 0.05 (−0.08, 0.18) | 0.06 (−0.11, 0.23) | 0.03 (−0.10, 0.16) | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.13) | 0.09 (−0.08, 0.26) | 0.07 (−0.10, 0.23) | −0.01 (−0.15, 0.13) | 0.03 (−0.13, 0.19) | −0.01 (−0.14, 0.12) |
| UR-4 | 0.02 (−0.15, 0.18) | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.19) | 0.01 (−0.19, 0.22) | −0.04 (−0.21, 0.12) | 0.11 (−0.06, 0.27) | 0.04 (−0.17, 0.24) | 0.21 (0.01, 0.41) | 0.08 (−0.09, 0.25) | −0.10 (−0.30, 0.09) | 0.12 (−0.03, 0.27) |
| Sum-score of fear (from 2 items) | 0.10 (0.01, 0.19) | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.11) | −0.07 (−0.19, 0.05) | 0.08 (−0.02, 0.17) | 0.16 (0.07, 0.26) | 0.21 (0.09, 0.33) | 0.10 (−0.02, 0.21) | 0.13 (0.03, 0.22) | 0.11 (0.01, 0.22) | 0.01 (−0.08, 0.09) |
| R-squared | 0.2137 | 0.2403 | 0.1562 | 0.1957 | 0.1894 | 0.2436 | 0.29 | 0.3239 | 0.2388 | 0.1677 |
Abbreviations: CB-EFS-1, I focus on my work or other activities to distract myself; CB-EFS-2, I imagine positive things to improve my mood; CB-EFS-3, I submit to my fate; CB-EFS-4, I tell myself things that make it easier for me to cope; CB-EFS-5, I wish I could change my worries and feelings; CB-EFS-6, I hope for a miracle; CB-EFS-7, I try to make myself feel better by eating, drinking, smoking or taking medication; CB-EFS-8, I imagine times when it was better than today; CB-EFS-9, I try to leave the whole thing behind and want to rest or go on holiday; CB-EFS-10, I refuse to believe what is happening; DR-1, COVID-19 is a global disaster; DR-2, COVID-19 will become more dangerous over time; DR-3, COVID-19 will affect future generations; DR-4, I can easily reduce the risk of infection; DR-5, the consequences of COVID-19 for me are my responsibility; DR-6, COVID-19 affects me personally; UR, unknown risk; UR-1, COVID-19 is something completely new to me; UR-2, the effects of COVID-19 can be managed well; UR-3, the experts know about COVID-19; UR-4, I know that I will not be affected by COVID-19; bold, coefficients in boldface are statistically significant at p<0.05; Ref., reference category; β, coefficients; CI, confidence interval.