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. 2022 Mar 19;19:28. doi: 10.1186/s12966-022-01276-2

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Proportional multi-state life table (Adapted from Forster et al. [34]; PIF: potential impact fraction; x: age; i: incidence; p: prevalence; m: mortality; w: disability-adjustment; q: probability of dying; l: number of survivors; L: life years; Lw: disability-adjusted life years; HALY is health-adjusted life year; -: denotes a parameter that is related to all other diseases but excludes modelled diseases; + : denotes a parameter that relates to all modelled diseases). This schematic demonstrates how HALYs were calculated from the disease process of five diseases