TABLE 1.

Comparison between methods of registration for landmarks placed on the maxillary teeth (Landmarks 1–6)

		R1 × R2					R1 × R3					R2 × R3
Observer 1–1st		Mean	SD	BA 95%LoA		ICC	Mean	SD	BA 95%LoA		ICC	Mean	SD	BA 95%LoA		ICC	P
Maxillary right first molar (Landmark 1)	X	0.02	0.21	−0.40	0.44	0.983	0.05	0.16	−0.26	0.37	0.991	0.04	0.18	−0.32	0.39	0.989	.738
	Y	−0.58A	0.40	−1.35	0.20	0.981	−0.62A	0.49	−1.57	0.34	0.971	−0.04B	0.39	−0.81	0.72	0.981	<.001*
	Z	0.58A	0.46	−0.32	1.47	0.739	0.65A	0.59	−0.52	1.81	0.688	0.07B	0.44	−0.79	0.93	0.857	<.001*
Maxillary right lateral incisor (Landmark 2)	X	0.06	0.22	−0.37	0.49	0.981	0.02	0.36	−0.68	0.73	0.956	−0.04	0.39	−0.79	0.72	0.951	.514
	Y	−0.47A	0.29	−1.04	0.09	0.975	−0.53A	0.36	−1.24	0.19	0.967	−0.05B	0.21	−0.46	0.35	0.996	<.001*
	Z	−0.45	0.71	−1.84	0.93	0.521	−0.62	0.53	−1.66	0.42	0.589	−0.17	0.49	−1.12	0.78	0.790	.122
Maxillary right central incisor (Landmark 3)	X	0.07	0.26	−0.45	0.59	0.939	0.02	0.41	−0.78	0.82	0.890	−0.05	0.44	−0.93	0.82	0.875	.480
	Y	−0.48A	0.28	−1.03	0.06	0.995	−0.56A	0.33	−1.20	0.09	0.993	−0.07B	0.16	−0.39	0.24	0.998	<.001*
	Z	−0.61AB	0.71	−2.01	0.79	0.877	−0.82A	0.58	−1.96	0.32	0.918	−0.21B	0.51	−1.20	0.79	0.936	.039*
Maxillary left central incisor (Landmark 4)	X	0.07	0.27	−0.45	0.59	0.927	0.01	0.41	−0.78	0.81	0.854	−0.06	0.44	−0.92	0.81	0.813	.483
	Y	−0.48A	0.30	−1.07	0.12	0.994	−0.57A	0.32	−1.20	0.05	0.993	−0.10B	0.23	−0.55	0.35	0.997	<.001*
	Z	−0.62AB	0.67	−1.93	0.68	0.860	−0.82A	0.60	−2.00	0.36	0.888	−0.19B	0.48	−1.14	0.76	0.927	.021*
Maxillary left lateral incisor (Landmark 5)	X	0.06	0.22	−0.37	0.50	0.973	0.02	0.36	−0.68	0.72	0.934	−0.05	0.38	−0.79	0.70	0.922	.460
	Y	−0.43AB	0.35	−1.12	0.26	0.977	−0.54A	0.38	−1.28	0.19	0.969	−0.11B	0.33	−0.76	0.54	0.991	.005*
	Z	−0.47AB	0.58	−1.61	0.67	0.818	−0.61A	0.59	−1.78	0.55	0.787	−0.14B	0.44	−0.99	0.71	0.932	.037*
Maxillary left first molar (Landmark 6)	X	0.01	0.21	−0.41	0.43	0.983	0.05	0.16	−0.27	0.36	0.991	0.04	0.18	−0.32	0.40	0.987	.721
	Y	−0.49AB	0.49	−1.44	0.47	0.977	−0.66A	0.47	−1.58	0.26	0.978	−0.17B	0.56	−1.27	0.93	0.969	<.001*
	Z	0.51AB	0.50	−0.46	1.49	0.733	0.64A	0.58	−0.49	1.78	0.508	0.13B	0.44	−0.74	1.00	0.770	.010*

Note: Mean and Standard deviation (SD) of the differences, Bland-Altman (BA) 95% limits of agreement, Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between the coordinates (X, right-left or lateral; Y, antero-posterior or sagittal; and Z, superior-inferior or vertical) of the corresponding landmarks. R1 landmark-based registration on the posterior teeth; R2, landmark-based registration on the palate: R3, registration on the palate using regions of interest; 1st, first measurement. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences based on one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test for pairwise comparisons;

^*Statistically significant at P < .05.