TABLE 5.

Measurement and structural invariance of the parental participation in the environment scale.

	χ2	df	p	RMSEA (90% CI)	CFI	SRMR	Δχ2	Δdf	p	ΔCFI
Total sample	128.10	27	<0.001	0.067 (0.056, 0.079)	0.970	0.026
Respondent (636 mothers; 171 fathers)
Configural invariance	151.19	54	<0.001	0.067 (0.054, 0.080)	0.969	0.030
Weak invariance	167.72	62	<0.001	0.065 (0.053, 0.077)	0.967	0.047				–0.002
Strong invariance	184.78	70	<0.001	0.064 (0.053, 0.075)	0.964	0.052				–0.003
Strict invariance	205.49	79	<0.001	0.063 (0.053, 0.074)	0.960	0.062				–0.004
Factor variance	206.43	80	<0.001	0.063 (0.052, 0.073)	0.960	0.067	0.34	1	0.559
Factor mean	208.30	81	<0.001	0.062 (0.052, 0.073)	0.960	0.075	1.66	1	0.197
Primary caregiver (608 mothers; 107 fathers; 103 grandparents)
Configural invariance	194.01	81	<0.001	0.072 (0.059, 0.084)	0.968	0.032
Weak invariance	225.64	97	<0.001	0.070 (0.058, 0.082)	0.964	0.064				–0.004
Strong invariance	245.10	113	<0.001	0.065 (0.054, 0.077)	0.963	0.065				–0.001
Strict invariance	268.00	131	<0.001	0.062 (0.051, 0.072)	0.962	0.064				0
Factor variance	273.14	133	<0.001	0.062 (0.052, 0.073)	0.961	0.086	5.36	2	0.068
Factor mean	274.91	135	<0.001	0.062 (0.051, 0.072)	0.961	0.088	1.07	2	0.586
Family income (277 less than 5,000 CNY; 254 between 5,000 and 10,000 CNY; 166 between 10,000 and 20,000 CNY; 136 more than 20,000 CNY)
Configural invariance	226.03	108	<0.001	0.072 (0.059, 0.086)	0.967	0.034
Weak invariance	266.87	132	<0.001	0.069 (0.057, 0.081)	0.963	0.065				–0.004
Strong invariance	357.01	156	<0.001	0.079 (0.068, 0.089)	0.943	0.089				–0.020
- freeing item 13-G1	336.14	155	<0.001	0.075 (0.064, 0.086)	0.949	0.082				–0.014
- freeing item 18-G4	326.20	154	<0.001	0.073 (0.062, 0.084)	0.952	0.078				–0.011
- freeing item 13-G2	316.80	153	<0.001	0.072 (0.061, 0.083)	0.954	0.074				–0.009
Strict invariance	355.25	168	<0.001	0.073 (0.063, 0.084)	0.947	0.088				–0.007
Factor variance	358.11	171	<0.001	0.072 (0.062, 0.083)	0.947	0.094	1.50	3	0.682
Factor mean	362.22	174	<0.001	0.072 (0.062, 0.083)	0.947	0.100	3.75	3	0.289
Living region (620 in North China; 213 in South China)
Configural invariance	169.92	54	<0.001	0.072 (0.060, 0.084)	0.966	0.030
Weak invariance	190.66	62	<0.001	0.071 (0.059, 0.082)	0.963	0.048				–0.003
Strong invariance	210.01	70	<0.001	0.069 (0.059, 0.080)	0.959	0.048				–0.004
Strict invariance	215.80	79	<0.001	0.064 (0.054, 0.075)	0.960	0.055				0.001
Factor variance	216.45	80	<0.001	0.064 (0.054, 0.074)	0.960	0.055	0.27	1	0.601
Factor mean	249.702	81	<0.001	0.071 (0.061, 0.081)	0.951	0.098	38.03	1	<0.001

χ², chi-square; df, degree of freedom; RMSEA, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation; CI, Confidence Interval; CFI, Comparative Fit Index; SRMR, Standardized Root Mean Square Residuals.