Table 1.
Demographics of matched cohort, stratified by age and diabetes type.
| age 0-20 (N=48,537) | age 20-40 (N=165,877) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Type 1 Diabetes (n=16,179) | Type 2 Diabetes (n=16,179) | No Diabetes (n=16,179) | Type 1 Diabetes (n=55,293) | Type 2 Diabetes (n=55,293) | No Diabetes (n=55,291) | |||||
| Age | Mean years (SD) | 14.1 (4.52) | 14. (5.45) | 14.1 (4.95) | 31.0 (5.60) | 30. (5.63) | 30.9 (5.61) | ||||
| Gender (%) | Female | 52.0% | 52.2% | 51.9% | 49.4% | 49.8% | 49.0% | ||||
| Male | 48.0% | 47.8% | 48.1% | 50.6% | 50.2% | 51.0% | |||||
| Race (%) | Asian | 3.2% | 3.0% | 3.4% | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.9% | ||||
| Black | 10.7% | 10.3% | 10.7% | 10.1% | 10.0% | 10.2% | |||||
| Hispanic | 12.6% | 12.6% | 12.4% | 10.2% | 10.5% | 10.8% | |||||
| White | 73.5% | 74.1% | 73.5% | 76.9% | 76.5% | 76.1% | |||||
| State (%) | IL, IN, MI, OH, WI | 16.2% | 16.6% | 16.2% | 16.1% | 15.9% | 15.3% | ||||
| AL, KY, MS, TN | 4.8% | 4.7% | 5.0% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 5.6% | |||||
| NJ, NY, PA | 9.4% | 9.4% | 9.4% | 8.7% | 9.2% | 9.1% | |||||
| AZ, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, UT, WY | 7.2% | 7.2% | 7.2% | 8.7% | 8.6% | 9.0% | |||||
| CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT | 3.3% | 3.4% | 3.2% | 2.8% | 2.9% | 3.1% | |||||
| AK, CA, HI, OR, WA | 8.8% | 8.6% | 8.6% | 8.2% | 8.2% | 8.6% | |||||
| DE, DC, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV | 26.8% | 26.7% | 27.5% | 25.2% | 25.1% | 25.0% | |||||
| IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, SD | 7.9% | 7.8% | 7.4% | 10.5% | 10.7% | 10.3% | |||||
| AR, LA, OK, TX | 15.5% | 15.4% | 15.3% | 14.1% | 13.8% | 13.9% | |||||
| Education Level (%) | Less than 12th Grade | 0.6% | 0.6% | 0.7% | 0.7% | 0.8% | 0.7% | ||||
| High School Diploma | 29.9% | 30.1% | 30.2% | 27.8% | 27.6% | 27.4% | |||||
| Less than bachelor’s degree | 52.5% | 52.3% | 51.9% | 53.7% | 53.2% | 53.2% | |||||
| Bachelor’s degree Plus | 17.0% | 17.0% | 17.2% | 17.8% | 18.4% | 18.7% | |||||
| Net Worth (%) | <$25K | 27.4% | 27.2% | 26.6% | 33.2% | 32.6% | 32.8% | ||||
| $25K-$149K | 24.1% | 24.3% | 24.1% | 27.2% | 27.0% | 26.7% | |||||
| $150K-$249K | 12.0% | 11.8% | 12.2% | 11.7% | 11.7% | 11.8% | |||||
| $250K-$499K | 16.9% | 17.1% | 17.0% | 14.5% | 14.7% | 15.1% | |||||
| $500K+ | 19.5% | 19.6% | 20.1% | 13.5% | 14.1% | 13.6% | |||||
| Insurance Provider (%) | Exclusive Provider Organization | 13.6% | 13.7% | 13.6% | 12.2% | 12.1% | 12.6% | ||||
| Health Maintenance Organization | 18.5% | 18.1% | 18.2% | 20.3% | 20.3% | 19.1% | |||||
| Indemnity | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | |||||
| Other | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.8% | 0.9% | 0.8% | |||||
| Point of Service | 60.8% | 61.1% | 61.2% | 58.1% | 58.0% | 58.8% | |||||
| Preferred Provider Organization | 6.9% | 7.0% | 6.8% | 8.5% | 8.7% | 8.6% | |||||
| Customer Driven Health Plan Type (%) | Health Reimbursement Arrangement | 6.0% | 5.9% | 6.1% | 4.8% | 4.9% | 5.0% | ||||
| Health Savings Account | 9.3% | 9.4% | 9.2% | 7.5% | 7.4% | 8.0% | |||||
| Micro/Macrovascular Complication | Any Complication (%) | 7.8% | 4.4% | 0.6% | 22.2% | 8.9% | 1.6% | ||||
| Retinopathy (%) | 3.3% | 0.5% | 0.0% | 12.9% | 1.8% | 0.0% | |||||
| Neuropathy (%) | 1.4% | 1.1% | 0.2% | 5.3% | 2.7% | 0.6% | |||||
| Nephropathy (%) | 2.9% | 1.6% | 0.2% | 7.8% | 3.2% | 0.4% | |||||
| Myocardial Infarction (%) | 0.1% | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.4% | 0.3% | 0.1% | |||||
| Stroke (%) | 0.1% | 0.2% | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.4% | 0.1% | |||||
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (%) | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.1% | 2.5% | 1.6% | 0.4% | |||||
| Amputation (%) | 0.4% | 0.5% | 0.1% | 1.3% | 0.9% | 0.2% | |||||
| Modified Charlson Comorbidity Score | Mean score (SD) | 0.1 (0.34) | 0.1 (0.35) | 0.11 (0.35) | 0.14 (0.42) | 0.15 (0.4) | 0.14 (0.41) | ||||
| Years of Follow-up | Mean years (SD) | 4.50 (3.77) | 4.51 (3.54) | 4.52 (3.78) | 3.05 (2.93) | 3.09 (2.80) | 3.06 (3.04) | ||||
| Years of Follow-up Pre-diabetes diagnosis) | Mean years (SD) | 2.08 (2.31) | 2.08 (2.20) | N/A | 1.48 (1.) | 1.50 (1.83) | N/A | ||||
| Years of Follow-up Post-diabetes diagnosis | Mean years (SD) | 2.41 (2.94) | 2.42 (2.60) | N/A | 1.56 (2.13) | 1.59 (1.93) | N/A | ||||
| age 40-60 (N=573,874) | age 60+ (N=443,847) | ||||||||||
| Variable | Type 1 Diabetes (n=63,777) | Type 2 Diabetes (n=255,066) | No Diabetes (n=255,031) | Type 1 Diabetes (n=49,516) | Type 2 Diabetes (n=198,064) | No Diabetes (n=196,267) | |||||
| Age | Mean years (SD) | 50. (5.65) | 50.4 (5.64) | 50.3 (5.64) | 71.3 (7.42) | 71.3 (7.34) | 71.0 (7.15) | ||||
| Gender (%) | Female | 47.8% | 47.7% | 47.9% | 52.6% | 52.6% | 52.3% | ||||
| Male | 52.2% | 52.3% | 52.1% | 47.4% | 47.4% | 47.7% | |||||
| Race (%) | Asian | 2.2% | 2.3% | 2.3% | 2.8% | 2.8% | 3.0% | ||||
| Black | 10.8% | 11.0% | 11.0% | 14.6% | 14.5% | 14.4% | |||||
| Hispanic | 8.2% | 8.3% | 8.4% | 8.8% | 8.8% | 9.1% | |||||
| White | 78.8% | 78.5% | 78.3% | 73.8% | 73.9% | 73.5% | |||||
| State (%) | IL, IN, MI, OH, WI | 15.2% | 15.2% | 15.2% | 13.3% | 13.2% | 13.0% | ||||
| AL, KY, MS, TN | 5.9% | 5.8% | 5.8% | 5.6% | 5.6% | 5.5% | |||||
| NJ, NY, PA | 8.4% | 8.4% | 8.5% | 11.6% | 11.7% | 11.1% | |||||
| AZ, CO, ID, MT, NV, NM, UT, WY | 7.4% | 7.5% | 7.5% | 7.2% | 7.3% | 7.9% | |||||
| CT, ME, MA, NH, RI, VT | 3.5% | 3.5% | 3.6% | 5.6% | 5.7% | 5.4% | |||||
| AK, CA, HI, OR, WA | 8.4% | 8.3% | 8.4% | 10.5% | 10.5% | 10.6% | |||||
| DE, DC, FL, GA, MD, NC, SC, VA, WV | 28.2% | 28.4% | 27.8% | 28.6% | 28.5% | 27.5% | |||||
| IA, KS, MN, MO, NE, ND, SD | 10.1% | 10.1% | 9.9% | 7.7% | 7.7% | 8.5% | |||||
| AR, LA, OK, TX | 12.7% | 12.9% | 13.0% | 9.6% | 9.4% | 10.1% | |||||
| Education Level (%) | Less than 12th Grade | 0.8% | 0.8% | 0.8% | 1.3% | 1.3% | 1.3% | ||||
| High School Diploma | 30.8% | 30.9% | 31.0% | 36.0% | 35.9% | 36.0% | |||||
| Less than bachelor’s degree | 51.4% | 51.0% | 51.1% | 49.7% | 49.9% | 49.6% | |||||
| Bachelor’s degree Plus | 17.1% | 17.3% | 17.2% | 13.0% | 12.9% | 13.0% | |||||
| Net Worth (%) | <$25K | 20.0% | 20.1% | 20.2% | 18.4% | 18.2% | 18.6% | ||||
| $25K-$149K | 22.7% | 22.6% | 22.7% | 21.2% | 21.1% | 21.4% | |||||
| $150K-$249K | 13.5% | 13.4% | 13.8% | 13.7% | 13.8% | 14.0% | |||||
| $250K-$499K | 21.2% | 21.1% | 20.9% | 21.1% | 21.2% | 21.2% | |||||
| $500K+ | 22.7% | 22.7% | 22.4% | 25.6% | 25.7% | 24.9% | |||||
| Insurance Provider (%) | Exclusive Provider Organization | 10.2% | 10.3% | 10.5% | 2.6% | 2.6% | 2.7% | ||||
| Health Maintenance Organization | 23.4% | 23.5% | 22.8% | 34.4% | 34.2% | 35.3% | |||||
| Indemnity | 0.2% | 0.2% | 0.2% | 3.8% | 3.8% | 3.9% | |||||
| Other | 4.6% | 4.6% | 4.4% | 33.7% | 34.0% | 32.0% | |||||
| Point of Service | 52.4% | 52.2% | 52.9% | 14.1% | 14.1% | 14.6% | |||||
| Preferred Provider Organization | 9.2% | 9.2% | 9.2% | 11.4% | 11.4% | 11.5% | |||||
| Customer Driven Health Plan Type (%) | Health Reimbursement Arrangement | 4.4% | 4.5% | 4.5% | 1.2% | 1.2% | 1.2% | ||||
| Health Savings Account | 7.2% | 7.2% | 7.4% | 1.9% | 1.8% | 2.0% | |||||
| Micro/Macrovascular Complication | Any Complication (%) | 38.6% | 21.9% | 6.9% | 53.6% | 46.6% | 25.4% | ||||
| Retinopathy (%) | 21.2% | 5.0% | 0.0% | 17.4% | 7.8% | 0.1% | |||||
| Neuropathy (%) | 12.5% | 7.9% | 2.1% | 15.5% | 13.6% | 4.7% | |||||
| Nephropathy (%) | 13.6% | 7.3% | 1.9% | 23.7% | 22.7% | 11.9% | |||||
| Myocardial Infarction (%) | 2.0% | 1.8% | 0.9% | 5.4% | 5.2% | 3.5% | |||||
| Stroke (%) | 1.7% | 1.7% | 0.9% | 6.1% | 6.2% | 4.6% | |||||
| Peripheral Vascular Disease (%) | 9.1% | 6.2% | 2.1% | 22.9% | 20.3% | 11.1% | |||||
| Amputation (%) | 3.9% | 2.4% | 0.5% | 6.2% | 4.8% | 1.8% | |||||
| Modified Charlson Comorbidity Score | Mean score (SD) | 0.32 (0.6) | 0.3 (0.64) | 0.32 (0.6) | 0.64 (0.90) | 0.65 (0.89) | 0.65 (0.89) | ||||
| Years of Follow-up | Mean years (SD) | 3.8 (3.57) | 3.87 (3.35) | 3.85 (3.53) | 4.21 (3.85) | 4.20 (3.57) | 4.10 (3.78) | ||||
| Years of Follow-up Pre-diabetes diagnosis) | Mean years (SD) | 1.79 (2.13) | 1.78 (2.07) | N/A | 1.7 (2.07) | 1.73 (1.94) | N/A | ||||
| Years of Follow-up Post-diabetes diagnosis | Mean years (SD) | 2.07 (2.67) | 2.08 (2.47) | N/A | 2.48 (3.04) | 2.47 (2.91) | N/A | ||||
N/A, Not Applicable.