TABLE 4.
Reported interactive road user behaviors/communication cues from HGV-VRU crossing paths scenarios, including their motivation/effect, communication channel/mechanisms, type of cue, and references.
| Road user behavior/communication cue | Motivation/effect | Communication channel/mechanism | Type of communication cue | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HGV characteristics (large/heavy vehicle) | Sets expectations and may affect road users’ behavior such as gap acceptance | Appearance | More implicit cue | Petzoldt, (2016) |
| Cyclist approaching an HGV at an intersection | Cyclist aware/unaware of HGV blind-spots | Appearance | More implicit cue | Twisk et al. (2018) |
| Driver stopping farther from the stop line when a cyclist is present | Driver seeking overview and greater safety margin to VRUs | Proxemics | More implicit cue | Pokorny and Pitera (2019), Kircher and Ahlström (2020) |
| Cyclist dismounting bicycle at zebra crossing | Get priority as a pedestrian | Kinesics/proxemics | More implicit cue | Pokorny and Pitera, (2019) |
| Driver/cyclist glances towards other road users | Monitor the environment (i.e., perception-achieving behavior). Possible signal/request for movement or perception | Oculesics, kinesics | More implicit cue | (Kircher and Ahlström (2020), Kircher et al. (2020), Richter and Sachs (2017), Schindler and Bianchi Piccinini (2021) |
| Driver approaching cyclist and remaining behind | Leaving an opportunity for a cyclist to cross first | Kinesics, proxemics, chronemics | More implicit cue | Kircher and Ahlström (2020) |
| Pedestrian deciding to cross the street (accepting a gap) | Movement achieving, Possible signal/request for perception | Kinesics | More implicit cue | Petzoldt et al. (2017) |
| Driver considerably reducing speed when encountering a VRU | Movement achieving/signaling/requesting | Kinesics | More implicit cue | Schindler and Bianchi Piccinini (2021) |
| Cyclist waving arm | Thank driver after negotiation | Kinesics | More explicit cue | Pokorny and Pitera (2019) |
| Cyclist stopped earlier and more to the left in the lane | Avoid blind-spot (i.e., perception-requesting behavior) | Kinesics, proxemics | More explicit cue | Thorslund and Lindström (2020) |
| Driver using turning indicators | Movement signaling | Human-machine interface | More explicit cue | Thorslund and Lindström (2020) |