TABLE 2.
Sample characteristics and their associations with childhood obesity at 6 years (n = 1,211)
| n (%)/mean ± SDa | Risk of obesity, n (%) | RR of obesity (95% CI) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SES measures | ||||
| Maternal education | ||||
| Low (3 years of college or less) | 596 (52.0) | 122 (20.5) | 1.95 (1.46–2.60) | <0.001 |
| High (college graduate or higher) | 551 (48.0) | 58 (10.5) | Reference | |
| Family income (percentage of the poverty line) | 287.81 ± 205.97 | |||
| Low (≤185%) | 427 (35.3) | 96 (22.5) | 1.78 (1.38–2.30) | <0.001 |
| High (>185%) | 784 (64.7) | 99 (12.6) | Reference | |
| Covariates | ||||
| Maternal age at pregnancy (y) | 30.18 ± 5.36 | 0.99 (0.96–1.01) | 0.269 | |
| 18–24 | 184 (15.2) | 40 (21.7) | Reference | |
| 25–29 | 374 (30.9) | 51 (13.6) | 0.63 (0.43–0.91) | 0.015 |
| 30–34 | 388 (32.1) | 59 (15.2) | 0.70 (0.49–1.00) | 0.052 |
| ≥35 | 264 (21.8) | 45 (17.1) | 0.78 (0.54–1.15) | 0.212 |
| Maternal race and ethnicity | ||||
| Asian/Pacific Islander and others | 50 (4.2) | 3 (6.0) | 0.39 (0.13–1.19) | 0.099 |
| Hispanic | 62 (5.2) | 13 (21.0) | 1.38 (0.83–2.28) | 0.213 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 48 (4.1) | 17 (35.4) | 2.33 (1.55–3.50) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1025 (86.5) | 156 (15.2) | Reference | |
| Parity | ||||
| Nulliparous | 358 (30.3) | 52 (14.5) | Reference | |
| 1 previous birth | 487 (41.2) | 85 (17.5) | 1.20 (0.88–1.65) | 0.256 |
| ≥2 previous births | 336 (28.5) | 55 (16.4) | 1.13 (0.80–1.60) | 0.502 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 956 (83.3) | 127 (13.3) | Reference | |
| Unmarried | 192 (16.7) | 52 (27.1) | 2.04 (1.54–2.71) | <0.001 |
| Child sex | ||||
| Male | 622 (51.4) | 106 (17.0) | Reference | |
| Female | 589 (48.6) | 89 (15.1) | 0.89 (0.69–1.15) | 0.361 |
| Child age at the 6-year growth measurement (y) | 6.08 ± 0.43 | 1.10 (0.57–2.12) | 0.770 | |
| Child age at the Y6FU survey (y) | 6.45 ± 0.19 |
a
For some variables, the sum of categories was not equal to the total because of missing data.
Abbreviations: RR, relative risk; SES, socioeconomic status; Y6FU, Year Six Follow-Up.