TABLE 4.
Single-mediator analysis for socioeconomic disparities in childhood obesity at 6 years
| Sample size (n) | Excess RR (95% CI)a |
Percentage of indirect effectb | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total effect | Direct effect | Indirect effect | |||
| Maternal-education-related disparity in childhood obesity (low vs. high education)c | |||||
| Maternal preconception BMI (kg/m2) | 1,085 | 0.85 (0.28 to 1.41) | 0.77 (0.21 to 1.34) | 0.07 (0.03 to 0.12) | 8.8 |
| Prenatal Healthy Eating Index | 394 | 1.21 (−0.05 to 2.48) | 1.17 (−0.10 to 2.45) | 0.04 (−0.04 to 0.12) | 3.3 |
| Postnatal Healthy Eating Index at 3 months | 559 | 0.89 (0.06 to 1.73) | 0.85 (0.00 to 1.69) | 0.05 (−0.05 to 0.14) | 5.3 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy (binary, yes vs. no) | 1,096 | 0.75 (0.19 to 1.30) | 0.69 (0.13 to 1.25) | 0.05 (0.01 to 0.10) | 7.0 |
| Maternal number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy | 1,096 | 0.88 (0.34 to 1.42) | 0.84 (0.30 to 1.38) | 0.04 (0.02 to 0.07) | 4.8 |
| Birth weight (kg) | 1,099 | 0.80 (0.23 to 1.37) | 0.83 (0.26 to 1.40) | −0.03 (−0.05 to 0.00) | N/A |
| Timing of formula initiation (wk) | 871 | 1.08 (0.39 to 1.77) | 1.01 (0.33 to 1.69) | 0.07 (−0.01 to 0.16) | 6.6 |
| Timing of introduction of solid foods (wk) | 977 | 0.67 (0.10 to 1.24) | 0.63 (0.06 to 1.20) | 0.04 (0.00 to 0.08) | 5.8 |
| Adherence score to infant guideline solids at 1 year | 693 | 0.24 (−0.25 to 0.73) | 0.19 (−0.30 to 0.67) | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.12) | 22.6 |
| Adherence score to high sugar/fat/protein at 1 year | 693 | 0.26 (−0.28 to 0.80) | 0.20 (−0.34 to 0.74) | 0.06 (0.00 to 0.13) | 23.5 |
| Infant weight gain from birth to 7 months (kg) | 854 | 0.82 (0.28 to 1.37) | 0.71 (0.15 to 1.26) | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.19) | 14.4 |
| Child sleep duration at 1 year (h) | 831 | 0.41 (−0.08 to 0.89) | 0.38 (−0.10 to 0.87) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 6.3 |
| Child sleep duration at 6 years (h) | 1,090 | 0.78 (0.21 to 1.34) | 0.69 (0.13 to 1.25) | 0.09 (0.03 to 0.14) | 11.4 |
| Score of child home learning environment at 6 years | 1,096 | 0.75 (0.19 to 1.30) | 0.69 (0.13 to 1.25) | 0.06 (0.00 to 0.12) | 7.7 |
| Child TV viewing per day on weekdays at 6 years (h) | 1,093 | 1.20 (0.60 to 1.80) | 1.14 (0.54 to 1.74) | 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10) | 4.9 |
| Child TV viewing per day on weekends at 6 years (h) | 1,085 | 0.78 (0.21 to 1.35) | 0.77 (0.20 to 1.34) | 0.01 (−0.03 to 0.05) | 1.2 |
| Family-income-related disparity in childhood obesity (low vs. high income)c | |||||
| Maternal preconception BMI (kg/m2) | 1,087 | 0.51 (0.14 to 0.88) | 0.42 (0.06 to 0.77) | 0.10 (0.04 to 0.15) | 18.5 |
| Prenatal Healthy Eating Index | 395 | 0.10 (−0.56 to 0.77) | 0.05 (−0.62 to 0.71) | 0.06 (−0.03 to 0.15) | 55.9 |
| Postnatal Healthy Eating Index at 3 months | 560 | 0.37 (−0.25 to 0.99) | 0.35 (−0.27 to 0.96) | 0.03 (−0.02 to 0.07) | 6.8 |
| Maternal smoking during pregnancy (binary, yes vs. no) | 1,098 | 0.39 (−0.05 to 0.83) | 0.36 (−0.08 to 0.80) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.06) | 7.1 |
| Maternal number of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy | 1,098 | 0.73 (0.31 to 1.14) | 0.68 (0.26 to 1.10) | 0.05 (0.02 to 0.08) | 6.3 |
| Timing of formula initiation (wk) | 873 | 0.85 (0.36 to 1.34) | 0.84 (0.35 to 1.32) | 0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04) | 1.4 |
| Timing of introduction of solid foods (wk) | 979 | 0.55 (0.01 to 1.09) | 0.53 (−0.01 to 1.07) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.05) | 3.6 |
| Adherence score to infant guideline solids at 1 year | 695 | 0.34 (−0.27 to 0.94) | 0.29 (−0.31 to 0.89) | 0.05 (−0.01 to 0.12) | 15.3 |
| Adherence score to high sugar/fat/protein at 1 year | 695 | 0.28 (−0.31 to 0.87) | 0.22 (−0.38 to 0.82) | 0.06 (−0.01 to 0.12) | 20.5 |
| Child sleep duration at 1 year (h) | 833 | 0.35 (−0.18 to 0.88) | 0.33 (−0.21 to 0.86) | 0.03 (−0.01 to 0.07) | 7.4 |
| Child sleep duration at 6 years (h) | 1,092 | 0.70 (0.32 to 1.08) | 0.61 (0.23 to 0.99) | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.16) | 12.8 |
| Score of child home learning environment at 6 years | 1,098 | 0.41 (−0.03 to 0.84) | 0.30 (−0.13 to 0.73) | 0.11 (0.04 to 0.18) | 26.2 |
| Child TV viewing per day on weekdays at 6 years (h) | 1,095 | 0.43 (−0.01 to 0.87) | 0.42 (−0.02 to 0.85) | 0.02 (−0.01 to 0.04) | 3.4 |
a
Excess RR = RR − 1. Significant indirect effects are in bold (p < 0.05).
b
Percentage of indirect effect = indirect effect/total effect.
c
Low education was defined as 3 years of college or lower, and high education was defined as college graduate or higher; low family income was defined as ≤185% of the poverty line, and high family income was defined as >185% of the poverty line.
Abbreviation: RR, relative risk.